References - Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions - page 356

Stern, D. I., and R. K. Kaufmann, Annual Estimates of Global
Anthropogenic Methane Emissions: 1860-1994, Trends
Online: A Compendium of Data on Global Change, Carbon
Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN,
doi:10.3334/CDIAC/tge.001, 1998.
Stevenson, D., R. Doherty, M. Sanderson, C. Johnson, B.
Collins, and D. Derwent, Impacts of climate change and
variability on tropospheric ozone and its precursors. Fara-
day Disc ., 130 , 1-17, 2005.
Stjern, C. W., A. Stohl, and J. E. Kristjansson, Have aerosols
affected trends in visibility and precipitation in Europe?, J.
Geophys. Res ., 116 ,D02212, doi:10.1029/2010JD014603,
2011.
Stockholm Environment Institute, Regional Air Pollution in
Africa, www.sei.se, 1998.
Stommel, H., and E. Stommel, The year without a summer,
Sci. Am ., 240 , 176-186, 1981.
Stothers, R. B., The great Tambora eruption in 1815 and its
aftermath, Science , 224 , 1191-1198, 1984.
Stott, P. A., S. F. B. Tett, G. S. Jones, M. R. Allen, J. F. B.
Mitchell, and G. J. Jenkins, External control of 20th cen-
tury temperature by natural and anthropogenic forcings,
Science , 290 , 2133-2136, 2000.
Stoutenburg, E. D., N. Jenkins, and M. Z. Jacobson, Power
output variations of co-located offshore wind turbines and
wave energy converters in California, Renewable Energy ,
35 , 2781-2791, 2010.
Stradling, D., Smokestacks and Progressives ,The Johns Hop-
kins University Press, Baltimore, 1999.
Strawa, A. W., K. Drdla, G. V. Ferry, S.Verma,R.F.Pueschel,
M. Yasuda, R. J. Salawitch, R. S. Gao, S. D. Howard,
P. T . B u i , M. Loewenstein, J. W. Elkins, K. K. Perkins, and
R. Cohen, Carbonaceous aerosol (soot) measured in the
lower stratosphere during POLARIS and its role in strato-
spheric photochemistry, J. Geophys. Res ., 104 , 26,753-
26,766, 1999.
Stuiver, M., G. H. Denton, T. J. Hughes, and J. L. Fastook,
History of marine ice sheet in West Antarctica during the
last glaciation: a working hypothesis, in The Last Great
Ice Sheets ,eds. G. H. Denton and T. J. Hughes, Wiley-
Interscience, New York, pp. 319-436, 1981.
Stull, R. B., An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology ,
Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 1988.
Tabazadeh, A., M. Z. Jacobson, H. B. Singh, O. B. Toon,
J. S. Lin, B. Chatfield, A. N. Thakur, R. W. Talbot, and
J. E. Dibb, Nitric acid scavenging by mineral and biomass
burning aerosols, Geophys. Res. Lett ., 25 , 4185-4188,
1998.
Tabazadeh, A., and R. P. Turco, Stratospheric chlorine injec-
tion by volcanic eruptions: HCl scavenging and implica-
tions for ozone, Science , 260 , 1082-1086, 1993.
Tabazadeh, A., R. P. Turco, K. Drdla, and M. Z. Jacobson, A
study of Type I polar stratospheric cloud formation, Geo-
phys. Res. Lett ., 21 , 1619-1622, 1994.

Talwani, M., and O. Eldholm, Evolution of the Norwegian-
Greenland sea, Geol. Soc. Am. Bull ., 88 , 969-999, 1977.
Tang, I. N., W. T. Wong, and H. R. Munkelwitz, The relative
importance of atmospheric sulfates and nitrates in visibility
reduction, Atmos. Environ ., 15 , 2463-2471, 1981.
Tang, X., S. Madronich, T. Wallington, and D. Calamari,
Changes in tropospheric composition and air quality,

J. Photochem. Photobiol., B , 46 , 83-95, 1998.
Tegen, I., A. A. Lacis, and I. Fung, The influence on climate
forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils, Nature ,
380 , 419-422, 1996.
Teifke, J. P., and C. V. Lohr, Immunohistochemical detection
of p53 over-expression in paraffin wax-embedded squa-
mous cell carcinomas of cattle, horses, cats, and dogs,
J. Compar. Pathol ., 114 , 205-210, 1996.
ten Hoeve, J. E., L. A. Remer, and M. Z. Jacobson, Micro-
physical and radiative effects of aerosols on warm clouds
during the Amazon biomass burning season as observed
by MODIS: impacts of water vapor and land cover, Atmos.
Chem. Phys ., 11 , 3021-3036, 2011.
Tomlinson, G. G., II, Air pollutants and forest decline, Envi-
ron. Sci. Technol , 17 , 246-256, 1983.
Toon, O. B., J. Pinto, P. Hamill, and R. P. Turco, Con-
densation of HNO 3 and HCl in the winter polar strato-
spheres, Geophys. Res. Lett. (Suppl.) , 13 , 1284-1287,
doi:10.1029/GL013i012p01284, 1986.
Toon, O. B., J. B. Pollack, T. P. Ackerman, R. P. Turco, C. P.
McKay, and M. S. Liu, Evolution of an impact-generated
dust cloud and its effects on the atmosphere, Geol. Soc. Am.
Spec. Pap ., 190 , 187-200, 1982.
Turco, R. P., Earth under Siege ,Oxford University Press, New
Yo rk, 1997.
Turco, R. P., O. B. Toon, and P. Hamill, Heterogeneous phys-
iochemistry of the polar ozone hole, J. Geophys. Res ., 94 ,
16,493-16,510, 1989.
Twomey, S. A., The effect of cloud scattering on the absorp-
tion of solar radiation by atmospheric dust, J. Atmos. Sci .,
29 , 1156-1159, 1977.
Ulrich, R. K., Solar neutrinos and variations in the solar lumi-
nosity, Science , 190 , 619-624, 1975.
United Nations Environmental Program, Environmental
effects of ozone depletion: 1998 assessment, J. Photochem.
Photobiol., B , 46 , 1-4, 1998.
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Concentrating Solar
Power Commercial Application Study: Reducing Water
Consumption of Concentrating Solar Power Electricity
Generation, Report to Congress, 2008, http://www1.eere
.energy.gov/solar/pdfs/csp water study.pdf, accessed No-
vember 27, 2011.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The Health
Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke:
AReport of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, Coordinating Center for Health Promo-
tion, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and