Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 13.3.
Power available in wind, water, and sunlight (WWS) energy resources worldwide if energy were
used in conversion devices
(a)
Power
worldwide
(TW)
(b)
Power in
high-energy
locations (TW)
(c)
Power in likely
developable
locations (TW)
(d)
Power delivered
as electricity
2009 (GW)
a
Energy
technology
Wind
1,700
72-170
40-85
49
>
Wave
2.7
2.7
0.5
0.0007
Geothermal
45
2
0.07-0.14
7.6
Hydroelectric
1.9
<
1.9
1.6
410
Tidal
3.7
0.8
0.02
0.066
Solar PV
6,500
1,300
340
3.8
CSP
4,600
920
240
0.119
TOTAL
469
The power available is before transmission, distribution, or array (in the case of wind, wave, and tidal) losses are taken into account. For
wind in likely developable locations, such losses are about 10-15 percent of the available power (Section 13.5). For wind turbines covering
the world, array losses are much larger due to increasing interference among wind farms. Also shown is 2009 delivered electricity from
WWS resources. The total delivered electricity (469 GW) by WWS resources represents 21.3 percent of the world end-use electric power
consumption in 2008 (2.2 TW). CSP, concentrated solar power; PV, photovoltaic.
a
Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century (REN21; 2010).
Sources:
From Jacobson and Delucchi (2011) and references therein.
the United States (Dvorak et al., 2010), and the east
coast of Asia.
Figure 13.13 shows the distribution of solar energy at
the Earth's surface. Globally, 6,500 TW of solar energy
are available over the world's land and ocean surfaces,
assuming only sunlight was used to power PV devices
(Table 13.3); however, the deliverable solar power over
land in locations where solar PV could be developed
practically is about 340 TW. Alternatively, CSP could
provide about 240 TW of the world's power output,
less than PV because the land area required for CSP
without storage is about one-third greater than is that
for PV. With thermal storage, the land area for CSP
increases because more solar collectors are needed to
provide energy for storage, but energy output does not
change and can be used at night.
90
10
8
0
6
4
-90
2
-180
-90
0
90
180
Figure 13.12.
Yearly averaged wind speed (m s
−1
)at100 m above ground level, modeled by computer at
1.5
1.5 degrees horizontal resolution. The globally, land-, and ocean-averaged values are 7.0, 6.1, and
7.3 m s
−1
,respectively. From Jacobson and Delucchi (2011).
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