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10
4
10
4
1000
1000
100
100
10
Energy
Industry
Transportation
Domestic
Ag Waste
Waste
Total
1
10
U.S.
China
India
Russia
Germany
Japan
U.K.
Australia
World
0.1
1
0.01
0.1
0.001
1850
1900
1950
2000
1850
1900
1950
2000
(b) Year
(a) Year
World
100
U.S.
Mainland China
10
Russian Federation
India
Germany
1
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
(c) Year
Figure 12.12.
Global anthropogenic, nonpermanent deforestation emissions of (a) black carbon (BC) by
country from 1850 to 2005, (b) BC by sector worldwide from 1850 to 2005, and (c) sulfur dioxide by country
from 1970 to 2005. From Lamarque et al. (2010).
0.8
0.6
0.4
100
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
Radiosonde
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
1990
2010
Year
1000
-3
-2
-1
0
1
Figure 12.13.
Globally averaged annual temperature
variations between 1880 and 2010 relative to the
1961-1990 mean temperature. Measurements were
from land-based meteorological stations and
fixed-position weather ships. The slope of the linear
fit through the curve is 0.007
◦
Cperyear. The slope of
the data from 1955 to 2010 is 0.013
◦
Cperyear. Data
from Hansen et al. (2011).
Temperature (K) 2007 minus 1958
Figure 12.14.
Globally and annually averaged,
radiosonde-based air temperature difference versus
altitude between 2007 and 1958. Data from Randel
et al. (2009).
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