International Regulation of Urban Smog Since the 1940s - Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions - page 190

Table 8.5. European union full-life (10 yr/100,000-120,000 mi) emission standards for passenger cars
in g/km (g/mi)

Year THC(g) NMHC(g) CO(g) NO x (g) THC + NO x (g) PM

Diesel
Euro 1 (1992) - - 2.72 (4.4) - 0.97 (1.6) 0.14 (0.23)

Euro 2 (1996) - - 1.0 (1.6) - 0.7 (1.1) 0.08 (0.13)

Euro 3 (2000) - - 0.64 (1.0) 0.5 (0.8) 0.56 (0.9) 0.05 (0.08)

Euro 4 (2005) - - 0.5 (0.8) 0.25 (0.4) 0.30 (0.48) 0.025 (0.04)

Euro 5 (2009) - - 0.5 (0.8) 0.18 (0.29) 0.23 (0.37) 0.005 (0.008)

Euro 6 (2014) - - 0.5 (0.8) 0.08 (0.13) 0.17 (0.27) 0.0025 (0.004)

Gasoline
Euro 1 (1992)

- - 2.72 (4.4) - 0.97 (1.6) -

Euro 2 (1996) - - 2.2 (3.5) - 0.5 (0.8) -

Euro 3 (2000) 0.2 (0.32) - 2.3 (3.7) 0.15 (0.24) - -

Euro 4 (2005) 0.1 (0.16) - 1.0 (1.6) 0.08 (0.13) - -

Euro 5 (2009) 0.1 (0.16) 0.068 (0.11) 1.0 (1.6) 0.06 (0.10) - 0.005 a (0.008)

Euro 6 (2014) 0.1 (0.16) 0.068 (0.11) 1.0 (1.6) 0.06 (0.10) - 0.005 a (0.008)

NMHC, nonmethane hydrocarbon; THC(g), total hydrocarbon in the gas phase (all hydrocarbons, including methane).
a Applies to direct injection engines only.
Source: European Commission (2011).

and regulations in a region and several countries are
discussed.

member nations. An example of a regulation is the
appointment of a qualified person to inspect the use
of a dangerous chemical. Decisions ,which are the least
common form of environmental law, are requirements
that may be directed at specific member nations or may
be a modification of a regulation.
European Union emission standards for new pas-
senger vehicles (Table 8.5), light-duty trucks, heavy-
duty trucks and buses, and nonroad vehicles are set
by directives and are designed to be increasingly strin-
gent over time. Standards are set for THCs, nonmethane
hydrocarbons (NMHCs), CO(g), NO x (g), and particu-
late matter. The standards for gasoline vehicles roughly
parallel those of the United States (Table 8.1). How-
ever, about 50 percent of EU passenger cars run on
diesel fuel, whereas about 2 percent of U.S. passenger
cars run on diesel. Diesel vehicles emit more nitrogen
oxides and particulate matter than do gasoline vehicles
per unit distance, and this is reflected by the fact that
the EU diesel standards for nitrogen oxides and par-
ticulate matter are less stringent than are EU gasoline
standards. Diesel vehicles emit less CO(g) and THCs
than do gasoline vehicles, and this is also reflected in
diesel versus gasoline regulations in Table 8.5. Because
of the high penetration of diesel in the EU, EU emissions
of NO x (g) and particulate matter from passenger vehi-
cles per unit distance driven exceed those in the United
States, whereas THC(g) emissions per unit driven are

8.2.1. European Union
The European Community was established in 1957
(originally with six member countries) under the Treaty
of Rome to integrate the countries of Europe eco-
nomically and politically. It gradually grew and, in
1993, changed its name to the European Union (EU).
Its greatest enlargement occurred in 2005, when it
expanded from fifteen to twenty-five countries with the
addition of several Eastern European nations. In 2011,
it consisted of twenty-seven member countries: Austria,
Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.
In 1970, the EU began enacting air pollution regu-
lations in the form of directives, regulations, and deci-
sions. Most laws are directives ,which are binding reg-
ulations on all member nations that take into account
particular conditions in each nation. For example, a
directive for emission reductions from a power plant
may allow each member nation to reduce emissions
by a different level. About 10 percent of EU laws are
regulations ,which are laws applied uniformly to all