Future prospects - Ice Ages and Interglacials: Measurements, Interpretation, and Models - page 348

Figure 11.12. Individual proxies used by Esper et al. (2002).

Figure 11.13. Simple average of proxy data from Esper et al. (2002) (adapted from McIntyre,
2007).

11.14 . These results suggest MWP temperatures were warmer than current

temperatures.
Mangini et al. (2005, 2007) measured stable isotope concentrations in Holo-
cene stalagmites from central Germany which were dated very precisely with Th/
U. They found strong evidence of the existence of a substantial MWP and of the
existence of the LIA.
Frisia et al. (2005) measured stable isotope levels ( d 18 O and d 13 C) in a
stalagmite in a cave in the European Alps. It is believed that this stalagmite
started to grow about 16,600 ybp and has grown continuously right up to the
present. Dating along the stalagmite was accomplished by U/Th techniques. From
their d 18 O data, they found an LIA ( 1500-1880), two MWPs separated by a
colder period ( 750-1300), and a Roman warm period (400-100 bce ).