Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Emergence
Flower initiation
Flowering Fruit setFruit ripening
Pollination Fruit filling
Reproductive stage
Vegetative stage
0
1
2
1.0
Stem
Storage organ
0.5
Leaves
Roots
0.0
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
Development stages
Figure 9.11
General overview of development stages in a crop's life cycle and the
accompanying changes in dry matter partitioning (Lövestein et al., 1995).
radiation, leaf area and light interception. This means that proper input of daily solar
radiation and CO
2
assimilation rate is very important for accurate simulation of crop
growth! An overview of all input data required to simulate crop growth is listed in
Table 9.3
.
9.2. The Land-Surface in Atmospheric Models
Models of the atmosphere are always bounded by Earth's surface. At that boundary
the models need to be provided with proper boundary conditions. To that end, each
atmospheric model (which includes both numerical weather prediction models and
climate models) are in need of a land-surface model (LSM).
9.2.1 The Role of LSMs in Atmospheric Models
In principle, atmospheric models simply solve the conservation equations for momen-
tum (wind speed in two horizontal directions), heat and mass (mainly water vapour)
(see
Figure 9.12
):
•
The windspeed is affected by the pressure gradient, Coriolis force and the advection of
momentum from neighbouring grid cells.
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