Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table 9.1 Typical hydrological studies with SWAP in recent scientiic literature
Citation
Location
Primary study
objective
Unique features used
Droogers et al. ( 2000 )
Turkey
Regional irrigation
Water productivity
Sarwar et al. ( 2000 )
Pakistan
Sustainable
irrigation
Dynamic drainage
design
Wolf et al. ( 2003 )
Netherlands
Nutrient transport
Regionalization
Bethune and Wang ( 2004 )
Australia
Water balance
predictions
Macropore low
Utset et al. ( 2004 )
Spain
Evapotranspiration
Irrigation scheduling
Hupet et al. ( 2004 )
Belgium
Maize transpiration
and growth
Parameter calibration
Jhorar et al. ( 2004 )
India
Soil hydraulic
parameters
Remote sensing data
Droogers et al. ( 2004 )
Worldwide
Adaptation to
climate change
Crop yield prediction
Ritsema et al. ( 2005 )
Australia
Preferential low
and transport
Dual modelling
approach
Crescimanno and Garofalo
( 2005 , 2006 )
Italy
Irrigation with
saline water
Macropore low
De Jong van Lier et al.
( 2006 , 2008 )
Canada
Root water uptake
during drought
Microscopic root
concept
Van Walsum and
Groenendijk ( 2007 )
Netherlands
Regional three-
dimensional
modelling
Generation meta-
functions
Bartholomeus et al. ( 2008 )
Vazifedoust et al. ( 2009 )
Netherlands
Iran
Natural
vegetation type
Regional crop
yield
Oxygen shortage
stress
Assimilation of
satellite data
Schaik et al. ( 2010 )
Spain
Runoff
Macropore low
boundary conditions (initial, top and bottom). Although the basic assumptions of
Richards' equations are very straightforward, it is less easy to derive a reliable solu-
tion of Richards' equation that can be used for general ield conditions. Numerical
problems may arise due to the high nonlinearity of the θ ( h ) and k ( h ) relations, distinct
soil layering and rapid changes from wet to dry conditions and vice versa in the top
soil. We discuss how SWAP addresses these numerical problems.
Discretization of the soil water low equation should occur both in space and time,
as depicted in Figure 9.2 . In fact we did perform such a discretization in Chapter 4 ,
when calculating the root water extraction using tensiometer measurements. The
numerical scheme employed in SWAP is based on inite difference, which means
 
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