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Figure 4.16. The first EOF of winter (December-March) sea level pressure for the
North Atlantic sector over the 1899-1977 period, based on Trenberth and Paolino
( 1980 ) (from Dickson et al., 2000 , by permission of AMS).
Figure 4.17. Normalized indices of the winter (December-March) NAO, based on the
difference in normalized sea level pressure between Lisbon, Portugal and Stykkisholmur/
Reykjavik, Island, PC1 of Atlantic sector sea level pressure (20-70°N, 90°W-40°E),
and PC1 of Northern Hemisphere sea level pressure (20-90°N). The latter time series is
also known as the Arctic Oscillation or Northern Annular Mode. The heavy solid lines
represent the indices smoothed to remove fluctuations with periods less than four years
(from Hurrell et al., 2003 , by permission of AGU).
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