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a
14
12
Wind Speed 10m Squared Bias
24h
48 h
10
8
6
4
2
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
b
14
Wind Speed 10m MSE
24h
48h
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
c
14
12
24h
48h
Wind Speed 10m squared SD
10
8
6
4
2
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
d
60
Wind Speed ratio of Squared Bias Vs MSE
50
24h
48h
40
30
20
10
0
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
Fig. 25.6
Same as Fig.
25.2
but for 10-m wind speed (ms
1
) and 24-h forecasts only. Unit: square
of wind speed (ms
1
)in(
a
), (
b
), (
c
) (Updated from
Xu et al.
(
2009
))
which we postulated to be errors derived from the random inadequacies of initial
conditions.
25.5.1.4
Temperature at 500 hPa
The squared bias is very small except that the Himalaya mountain region (E)
increases up to
17
ı
C for 24-h forecast (Fig.
25.8
a) and there is a larger value for
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