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a
b
Cov, QSNOW QSNOW, z=15 (
∼
650 hPa)
Cov, QSNOW V, z=15 (
∼
650 hPa)
34.8N
34.8N
1.1e-07
1e-07
9e-08
34.5N
34.5N
34.2N
34.2N
0.0002
0.0001
-0.0001
-0.0002
-0.0003
-0.0004
-0.0005
8e-08
7e-08
6e-08
5e-08
33.9N
33.9N
33.6N
33.6N
33.3N
33.3N
4e-08
3e-08
2e-08
33N
33N
32.7N
32.7N
1e-08
32.4N
32.4N
32.1N
32.1N
88.8W 88.5W 88.2W 87.9W 87.6W 87.3W
87W
86.7W 86.4W 86.1W
88.8W 88.5W 88.2W 87.9W 87.6W 87.3W
87W
86.7W 86.4W 86.1W
Fig. 19.1
Horizontal analysis response to a single observation of cloud snow at 650 hPa on 09
September 2012 at 18 UTC: (
a
) cloud snow analysis increment, and (
b
) north-south wind analysis
increment. The results are shown for the inner nest at 3 km horizontal resolution
a
b
Cov, QSNOW QSNOW, lot = 33.65
Cov, QSNOW QRAIN, lot = 33.65
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
33
30
27
24
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
88.8W 88.5W 88.2W 87.9W 87.6W 87.3W
87W
86.7W 86.4W 86.1W
88.8W 88.5W 88.2W 87.9W 87.6W 87.3W
87W
86.7W 86.4W 86.1W
1e-08
2e-08
3e-08
4e-08
5e-08
6e-08
7e-08
8e-08
9e-08
1e-07
1.1e-07
−
2e
−
09
2e
−
09
4e
−
09
6e
−
09
8e
−
09
1e
−
08
1.2e
−
08 1.4e
−
08
1.6e-08
1.8e-08
2e-08
Fig. 19.2
Vertical analysis response to a single observation of snow at 650 hPa on 09 September
2012 at 18 UTC for: (
a
) cloud snow analysis increment, and (
b
) rain analysis increment. The results
are shown for the inner nest at 3 km horizontal resolution
One such example using ensemble error covariance is shown in Figs.
19.1
and
19.2
, where the analysis response to a single observation of cloud snow
at 650 hPa is plotted. This corresponds to a hypothetical observation of high-
frequency microwave all-sky satellite radiance that is sensitive to cloud snow
and ice. The results are obtained using the Weather Research and Forecasting
(WRF) model (e.g.,
Skamarock et al. 2005
) at 9 km/3 km resolution and the
Maximum Likelihood Ensemble Filter (MLEF) data assimilation algorithm (e.g.,
Zupanski 2005
;
Zupanski et al. 2008
). The control variables include dynamical
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