Quantifying Observation Impact for a Limited Area Atmospheric Forecast Model - Data Assimilation for Atmospheric, Oceanic and Hydrologic Applications - page 140

Fig. 6.8 Impacts of surface
measurements at observation
locations for the same
forecast in Fig. 6.7 . The error
was calculated in a ( a )dry
energy norm, ( b )moist
energy norm, and ( c )
modified refractivity space.
Values are in units of J kg 1
multiplied by 1,000 in ( a )and
( b ) and unitless in ( c )

a

Surface

60N

50N

40N

30N

20N

10N

140w 130w 120w 110w 100w 90w 80w 70w 60w

− 3 − 2.2 − 1.7 − 1.2 − 1 − 0.7 − 0.5 − 0.3 − 0.1 − 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.2

b

Surface

60N

50N

40N

30N

20N

10N

140w 130w 120w 110w 100w 90w 80w 70w 60w

− 3 − 2.2 − 1.7 − 1.2 − 1 − 0.7 − 0.5 − 0.3 − 0.1 − 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.2

c

Surface

60N

50N

40N

30N

20N

10N

140w 130w 120w 110w 100w 90w 80w 70w 60w

− 3 − 2.2 − 1.7 − 1.2 − 1 − 0.7 − 0.5 − 0.3 − 0.1 − 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.7 1.2