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Fig. 6.7 Impacts by
observation category on a per
observation basis a 12 h
COAMPS forecasts valid
0000 UTC Sep 25 2011. The
error was calculated in a ( a )
dry energy norm, ( b )moist
energy norm, and ( c )
modified refractivity space.
Values are in units of J kg 1
multiplied by 1,000 in ( a )and
( b ) and unitless in ( c )
the patterns of the moist energy norm and the modified refractive index are quite
similar, even though the moist energy error depends on the winds, along with
temperature and moisture. Not surprisingly, adding moisture to the error calculation
increases the importance of the satellite relative humidity retrievals (SSMI rh and
WNDST rh). Oceanic surface observations (SHIP) are also important for the moist
metrics and in this case are due to the positive impacts in the Gulf of Mexico.
As in Sect. 6.3.3 , more experimentation is needed before definitive statements
can be made about these different error metrics. Still, it is easy to see that changing
the metric and its location can have a dramatic effect on an observation's relative
impact.
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