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as burning of rural wood or animal dung. The proportional estimates prior to 1900
for the UK and USA in graphs featuring such historical dimensions may include
some from such categories, although the elements of change in patterns of energy
consumption depicted in this topic prior to the 20th century are thought to capture
the essential features. Consequently any use of these energy graphs should reference
this topic.
1 t (metric) of oil
=
1.1023 short tons
=
256 gallons (imperial)
=
308 US gallons
10 12
1 mtoe (million tonnes of oil equivalent) produces around 4 TWh
=
4
×
Wh
in a power station of about 33% efficiency
10 13 Btu (British thermal units)
1 mtoe, when burnt, releases approximately 4.25
×
10 16
or 4.48
×
J
A machine doing work consuming energy at the rate of 1 Js 1
consumes 1 W
each second. If this continues for an hour then (60 s
×
60 min) 1 kWh of energy is
consumed, which is equivalent to 3600 J.
Ordersofmagnitude
Other than fossil fuel energy content (above), other non-biological units and nomen-
clature are based on Baron (1988).
Factor
Prefix
Symbol
10 1
deca
da
10 3
kilo
k
10 6
mega
M
10 9
giga
G
10 12
tera
T
10 15
peta
P
10 18
exa
E
10 21
zetta
Z
Sources
Baron, D. N. (1988) Units, Symbols and Abbreviations: a Guide for Biological and
Medical Editors and Authors . London: Royal Society of Medicine Services.
BP Economics Unit (1990, 2000, 2005, 2011) BP Statistical Review of World Energy .
London: British Petroleum Corporate Communications Services.
Morgan, R. and Murray, R. B. (1976) Energy Resources and Supply . London: Wiley
Interscience.
Worldwatch Institute (2003) Vital Signs 2003-2004: the Trends that are Shaping Our
Future . London: Earthscan.
 
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