Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Table8.1
SummaryofStockholm'sdeclarationofprinciples
1.
Human rights should be asserted, and apartheid, colonialism, etc., should be condemned.
2.
Natural resources must be safeguarded.
3.
The Earth's capacity to produce renewable resources must be maintained.
4.
Wildlife must be safeguarded.
5.
Non-renewable resources must be shared and not exhausted.
6.
Pollution must not exceed the environment's capacity to clean itself.
7.
Damaging oceanic pollution must be prevented.
8.
Development is needed to improve the environment.
9.
Developing countries therefore need assistance.
10.
Developing countries need reasonable prices for exports to carry out environmental management.
11.
Environment policy must not hamper development.
12.
Developing countries need money to develop environmental safeguards.
13.
Integrated development planning is needed.
14.
Rational planning should resolve conflicts between environment and development.
15.
Human settlements must be planned to eliminate environmental problems.
16.
Governments should plan their own appropriate population policies.
17.
National institutions must plan development of states' natural resources.
18.
Science and technology must be used to improve the environment.
19.
Environmental education is essential.
20.
Environmental research must be promoted, especially in developing countries.
21.
States may exploit their natural resources as they wish but must not endanger others.
22.
Compensation is due to states thus endangered.
23.
Each nation must establish its own standards.
24.
There must be cooperation on international issues.
25.
International organizations should help to improve the environment.
26.
Weapons of mass destruction must be eliminated.
8.1 Keydevelopmentsofsustainabilitypolicy
8.1.1 UNConferenceontheHumanEnvironment(1972)
The 1972 Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment was the first of a
series of UN conferences that arguably developed international environmental policy
significantly. It was attended by 113 nations, but due to a dispute on the status of East
Germany the USSR and all the Eastern European nations (many of which now are
considered Central European), bar Romania, refused to participate.
The idea for the conference had been around since the end of the 1960s and
Sweden played a leading role in much of the preparatory work. Sweden was at
the time suffering the effects of acid rain and so realised that many environmental
problems could only be tackled by international action. Not surprisingly, the theme
of Only One Earth arose again and again throughout the conference.
Three things emerged from the conference: a proclamation, a list of principles
(Table 8.1) and an action plan.
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