Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
have contributed to the environmental impact of
these events (Self
et al
., 2008).
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1.6 Outlook: Mantle Degassing and the
Evolution of Atmosphere and Oceans
Understanding the interaction between the
Earth's mantle and oceans and atmosphere is a
major challenge in Earth science. The deep water
cycle is qualitatively well understood. However,
a fully quantitative modeling that would directly
link mantle convection, melting, degassing and
subduction to long-time variations of global sea
level is still not possible. For the global carbon
cycle, the situation is even more difficult, in par-
ticular as the initial carbon distribution between
atmosphere and mantle in the Archean is poorly
constrained (Dasgupta & Hirschmann, 2010). The
possibility that global mass extinction events,
e.g. at the Permian Triassic boundary, may be
linked to flood basalt eruptions (Courtillot &
Renne, 2003) and therefore to volatile release
from the mantle opens up an exciting area of
research. However, the possible mechanisms
behind such a link, e.g. warming due to CO
2
release or cooling due to sulfate aerosols, are
not well constrained and all have some inherent
difficulties (e.g. McElwain
et al
., 1999; Beerling,
2002). The initial composition and possibly
reducing nature of Earth's atmosphere, which
controlled the emergence of life, the end of
neo-Proterozoic snowball glaciation by volcanic
CO
2
emissions (Hoffman
et al
., 1998), as well as
the role of volcanic gases in the ''great oxidation
event'' 2.3 billion years ago (Holland, 2002;
Gaillard
et al
., 2011) are other topics that require
a much better and much more quantitative
understanding of the Earth's deep volatile cycle.
Acknowledgements
I am very grateful to Eniko Bali, Dan Frost,
Andreas Audetat, Svyatoslav Shcheka, and
Shantanu Keshav for making illustrations avail-
able for this chapter. Reviews by Shun Karato and
Konstantin Litasov improved the manuscript.
and KAlSi
3
O
8
melts,
Eur J Mineral
,
7
,
905-920.
