Geoscience Reference
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Confining stress (MN.m
-1
)
Figure 2.18.
Evolution of the peak friction angle
φ
with respect to the confining pressure
for three materials with different strengths (triangles: unbreakable material;
circles: moderately resistant material; amd squares: weakly resistant material)
for which the relationship
φ =
A
log(
B
σ
2
)+35°
can be established,
A and B being constants (from [DEL 04])
Once the simulations at the REV scale validated the model, Deluzarche used it to
simulate the behavior of a real dam, as Biarez would have done. The dam measured
20 m high, with an upstream impervious mask and a stone riprap (layer of stones
arranged by hand to stabilize the rocky blocks on the surface) on the downstream
side. Its two-dimensional modeling by breakable clusters required more than 20,000
blocks consisting of 10 disks each. The analysis of the results from numerical
simulations shows that the dam deformations are due to the breakage of the blocks
(see Figure 2.18) with, also, the stone riprap playing a stabilizing role.
Figure 2.19.
Displacements within the dam with breakable clusters
during its building and the reservoir filling (from [DEL 04])
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