Challenges in Early Warning of the Persistent and Widespread Winter Fog over the Indo- Gangetic Plains: A Satellite Perspective - Reducing Disaster: Early Warning Systems for Climate Change - page 55

80
70
60
50
40
30
20

10
0

Hissar Delhi Dehradun Bareilly Lucknow Allahabad Gorakhpur Patna Calcutta

20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

Lucknow

Hissar Delhi Dehradun Bareilly Allahabad Gorakhpur Patna Calcutta

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Average

1.6
1.4
1.2

1

0.8
0.6
0.4

0.2
0

Lucknow

Hissar Delhi Dehradun Bareilly Allahabad Gorakhpur Patna Calcutta

2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 Average

Fig. 3.4 Inter annual variations of relative humidity, air temperature, and wind speed during win-
ter 2000-2006 over nine locations in IGP from surface meteorological stations

The forcing effi ciency indicates the absorbing nature of aerosol, while the intercept
can be treated as the shortwave fl ux when no aerosol is present in the atmosphere.
Here, the Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES, see Wielicki
et al. 1995 ) Single Scanner Footprint (SSF) shortwave fl ux data at TOA were used to
derive the aerosol radiative forcing effi ciency in conjunction with the MODIS