Cold War legacies in Russia’s Svalbard policy - Environmental and Human Security in the Arctic - page 34

chapter are likely to figure centrally on the security agenda of the Arctic rim
states and will need to be subjected to further studies. Securitization theory,
as outlined in the 1990s by the 'Copenhagen School' of security studies, can
be a helpful analytical tool in the exploration of security policy-making in
and on the Arctic. With its emphasis on the intersubjective dimension of the
concept and practice of security, the theory can help us understand the process
of security policy agenda-setting on various levels and within various sectors.
It represents a good alternative to other approaches, whether they belong to
the 'traditional' or 'critical' camps.
Notes
1 'Spitsbergen' is the old term for 'Svalbard'. The former term is still being used in Russia. In
contemporary Norwegian, the term 'Spitsbergen' denotes only the largest of the Svalbard
islands, previously called 'Vestspitsbergen'.
2 The term 'Copenhagen School' was originally coined by Bill McSweeney (McSweeney 1996)
in (critical) reference to the works by a group of researchers associated with the Centre
for Peace and Conflict Research, later renamed the Copenhagen Peace Research Institute
(COPRI). COPRI was merged into the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) in
2005. Barry Buzan and Jaap de Wilde are considered the School's main contributors.
3 Wæver's concept 'facilitating conditions', understood as 'the conditions under which the
speech act works, in contrast to cases in which the act misfires or is abused', is inspired by
speech act theorist J. L. Austin's concept 'felicity conditions' (cf. Austin 1962:14-15).
4 According to the Norwegian Foreign Ministry, there were no Russo-Norwegian diplomatic
correspondence on the radars and satellite ground stations in the 1990s and the 2000s.
5 The station was in operation until 1974, when the agreements with ESRO elapsed.
6 Russia, diplomatic note 9002/2ED to Norway, 15 October 2002.
7 Svalbard Environmental Protection Act, §1.
8 Kim Traavik, personal communication. Also see Pedersen (2002).
9 This claim was categorically denied by Norwegian diplomats, as were the Russian
statements that the regulatory measures had an 'anti-Russian' orientation; see Nordsletten
(2001:58).
10 Personal communication. Also see Pedersen (2002).
11 Personal communication with representatives of the Murmansk-based Fishing Industry
Union of the North (SRPS), 13 September 2006.
12 The Soviet Union, memorandum to Norway, 27 August 1970.
13 The Soviet Union, memorandum to Norway, 27 August 1970.
14 Royal Decree of 3 June 1977, pursuant to the Norwegian Economic Zone Act, 17 December
1976.
15 The Soviet Union, diplomatic note to Norway, 15 June 1977.
16 See, for instance, diplomatic notes to Norway, 17 July and 18 August 1998. Joint measures
were also called for by the Soviet-Norwegian Communiqué of 16 March 1978.
17 Russia, diplomatic note 3695/2ED to Norway, 23 April 2001.
18 Russia, diplomatic note 3695/2ED to Norway, 23 April 2001.
19 This phrase, which seems to have had a renaissance in recent years, was first used by Oran
Young in the mid-1980s (Young 1985).