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In-Depth Information
Himalaya
NE
Tibet Plateau
5km
Indian Ocean
Indian subcontinent
SW
0km
Equator
30ºN
JANUARY
Central Asian
high pressure
Cross equatorial
flow
Low pressure
5 km
Cool continental land surface
Air moistening
0 km
ITCZ
E P
E S
ENERGY CHANGES
short-wave solar radiation
E L + E S
Intense orographic
precipitation
JULY
Cross equatorial
flow
Elevated heat flow
Diverted SE trades
SW m onsoon
5 km
warm continental land surface
moist air
0 km
Actual ITCZ
“Effective ITCZ”
High pressure
outflow
Tibetan easterly
monsoon jet
(flow into page)
Low
E S
E P
ENERGY CHANGES
Sensible heating
E L
E S + E P
E L +
E S
Short-wave solar radiation
Fig. 6.11 The seasonal development of the Asian monsoon.
ultraviolet radiation. The stratospheric cooling induces
increased circumpolar flow between latitudes 50 and 60
also point to a natural period of unusually high positive
variation in the SAM-index 50 years ago, before the advent
of human-induced ozone changes. The debate on the forc-
ing factors responsible (solar variability, etc.) continues.
S,
which is transferred to the troposphere in the summer
months after a lag of a month or so. However, recent results
 
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