Geoscience Reference
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From the analysis of the various data sources involved in
the map corpus, several types of data modification prior to
mapping stand out. Yves Jeanneret's categories can be used
to distinguish a paraphrase type [JEA 08, p.87] from a
diverging “polychrésie.” In the first case, the modification is
made easier by matching formats: copy-pasted online text
and data published online as API or RSS feeds coincide with
the API archi-text of the Web map. This mapping technique
differs from “diverging polychrésie” which illustrates a
“creative conflict in cultural practices” [JEA 08, p.87]. As to
the “poetic polemology” [JEA 08, p.93], it is illustrated by the
use of scrapers and relates to the data whose circulation is
not included in the action program. The data can be acquired
illegally but this faces restrictions (which can lead to the IP
address being banned if scraping is detected). Diverging
polychrésie also requires more modifications compared to the
use of an API. For example, Michael Young's data collection
in three stages (scraping, geocoding, localizing) would have
been made easier if the Associated Press had made an API
available online.
Nevertheless, if the data are easily accessible, it does not
necessarily imply that fewer changes will be required.
Indeed, even if illegal “raw data” or legal open data are
available online, the cartographer will have to invest a lot of
effort in structuring the data to make them comply with the
demands of the map's archi-text.
4.2. Expressive, technical and scientific bricolage
Online maps are the result of a bricolage, which is both
technical and expressive. The first interpretation of the word
emphasizes the technical manipulation [LEV 62] that is
necessary to make a mapping application. Either concerning
data fetching or data visualisation, maps are prone to be
faulty which is what the cartographers' work aims to
address. The second concept of the word refers to the
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