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-
Kh
Co
(1 -
e
)
1
' h =
-
kh
k
(1 -
coe
)
1
1
into momentum equations where function for the entrainment of Air-Bubble
can be written as B( Co ) = h + (1 + Co )] + 2' h .
If Co = 0 then ' h = 0 B( Co ) = ] + h = H (in case of no bubble).
Otherwise, H = ] + ( h + ' h ) (in case of bubble).
2.2.1 Simulation of Storm Surge Associated with Cyclone Aila-
2009 by Using Hydro-dynamical/Numerical Storm Surge
Model with Air Bubble Entrainment
It is a vertically integrated semi-implicit forward with time, centred with space
numerical/hydro-dynamical storm surge model based on Indian Institute of
Technology Delhi (IITD) Model. Entrainment of air-bubble is made in the
model. The required meteorological and hydrological inputs are (1) three hourly
storm centres of Cyclone Aila, (2) three hourly radii of maximum winds, (3)
three hourly pressure drop and (4) topographic and bathymetric data (USGS
ETOPO2). Domain of the model is 18-23°N, 83.5-94.5°E with horizontal
resolution of 3.7 km × 3.5 km, and time step of 60s. Generic Mapping Tool
(GMT) is used for visualization of surge scenarios.
There are a lot of studies on cyclone track forecasting and simulation.
Debsarma (1994, 1995) developed “Storm Track Prediction (STP) Model” and
“Steering and Persistence (STEEPER) Model” for cyclone forecasting in the
Bay of Bengal. Liu et al. (1997) made a multiscale numerical study of Hurricane
Andrew (1992). Rao et al. (2003) observed mesoscale characteristics of tropical
cyclones and made some preliminary numerical simulations of their kinematic
features. Debsarma (2003a) validated STP Model and STEEPER Model with
several severe cyclones that hit Bangladesh and West Bengal coasts and
discussed with forecasting constraints. Debsarma (2003b) also made
visualization of May 1997 Storm Surge by using IITD Model. Mohanty et al.
(2004) made simulation of Orissa super cyclone (1999) by using PSU/NCAR
meoscale model. Rama Rao et al. (2005) made further evaluation of the Quasi-
Lagrangian Model (QLM) for cyclone track prediction in the North Indian
Ocean. Goswami et al. (2006) made advance forecasting of cyclone track over
north Indian Ocean by using Global Circulation Model (GCM). Prasad et al.
(2006) made simulation studies on cyclone track prediction by Quasi-
Lagrangian Model (QLM) in some historical and recent cases in the Bay of
Bengal using Global re-analysis and forecast Grid Point datasets. Rao et al.
(2006) made numerical prediction of the Orissa Super Cyclone (1999). They
also made sensitivity test to the parameterization of convection, boundary layer
and explicit moisture processes. Debsarma (2007) made numerical simulations
of storm surges in the Bay of Bengal. Lin et al. (2008) studied warm ocean
anomaly, air sea fluxes, and the rapid intensification of tropical cyclone Nargis
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