Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
have copious heavy ion source, like Io on Jupiter. Recently, XMM-Newton
has observed Saturn, for two planet rotations, in April and November 2005;
the data are being analyzed.
In addition to X-rays from the planet itself, in the Jupiter system
the X-ray emission has been observed from the Io plasma torus and from
Galilean satellites Io and Europa,
42
while in the Saturn system X-rays have
been detected from the rings of Saturn.
43
Acknowledgments
I acknowledge the fruitful collaboration with Randy Gladstone, Ron Elsner,
Graziella Branduardi-Raymont, Hunter Waite, Tom Cravens, and Nikolai
Østgaard on several studies reported in this paper. I also acknowledge
productive collaboration with several other colleagues in the field of plan-
etary X-rays some of whom are listed as authors or co-authors in the ref-
erences mentioned in this paper. A part of this work was supported by the
NRC Senior Research Associateship at the NASA Marshall Space Flight
Center.
References
1. A. Bhardwaj and G. R. Gladstone,
Rev. Geophys.
38
(2000) 295.
2. A. E. Metzger,
J. Geophys. Res.
88
(1983) 7731.
3. A.Bhardwaj,G.R.Gladstone,R.F.Elsner,J.H.WaiteJr.,D.Grodent,
T. E. Cravens, R. R. Howell, A. E. Metzger, N. Ostgaard, A. N. Maurellis
et al.
,
Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ.
ESA-SP-514
(2002) 215.
4. A. Bhardwaj
et al.
,
Planet. Space Sci.
, submitted (2005).
5. T. E. Cravens,
Adv. Space Res.
26
(2000) 1443.
6. M. Gudel,
Astron. Astrophys. Rev.
12
(2004) 71.
(2003) 159.
8. M. J. Berger and S. M. Seltzer,
J. Atmos. Terr. Phys.
34
(1972) 85.
9. J. Stadsnes, K. Aarsnes and J. Bjordal,
Adv. Space Res.
20
, 4/5 (1997) 1043.
10. S. M. Petrinec, D. L. McKenzie, W. L. Imhof, J. Mobilia and D. Chenette,
J. Atmos. Solar Terr. Phys.
62
(2000) 875.
11. K. K. Vij
et al.
,
J. Geophys. Res.
80
(1975) 2869.
12. J. R. Sharber
et al.
,
Geophys. Res. Lett.
20
(1993) 1319.
13. N. Østgaard, J. Stadsnes, J. Bjordal, R. R. Vondrak, S. A. Cummer,
D.L.Chenette,G.K.Parks,M.J.BrittnacherandD.L.McKenzie,
J. Geophys. Res
.
104
(1999) 10191.
14. P. C. Anderson, D. L. McKenzie, M. J. Brittnacher, M. W. Chen, M. Hairston
and M. F. Thomsen,
J. Geophys. Res.
105
(2000) 15757.
7. A. Bhardwaj,
Bull. Astron. Soc. India
31
