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age. On the other hand, at low and intermediate wave age and high wind
speed (e.g. 8 m/s), the wind-wave formulation is comparable with the Cox
and Munk 1 , 2 method. This quantitative correspondence is expected since
the Cox and Munk 1 , 2 formulation was empirically obtained from a wide
distribution of wind-wave states and as such, it cannot discriminate indi-
vidual wave states. This fact is overcome with the new formulation which
is able not only to include wind-driven effects but also the influence of the
sea state (wave age). This new formulation give us a new tool to quanti-
tatively study the transfer of radiation in an atmosphere-ocean system by
considering wind and sea state effects.
4. Conclusions and Further References
In this paper, we have reported a numerical model for radiative transfer
calculations on the atmosphere-ocean system. The present model uses the
liquid sea surface as a boundary condition, taking into account the influence
of wind-speed and wave age on the sea surface roughness. The algorithm is
able to compute TOA reflectance for low and high wind speeds using a new
wind-wave formulation. We consider this to be an initial proof of concept
exercise, the main aim being on the performance of the implementation
and its evaluation when compared with other existing formulations. For
further application to remote sensing data imagery the reader is encour-
aged to see Ref. 19 where the authors apply the present model to evaluate
the variability of MODIS reflectance at the visible and near IR regions.
MODIS reflectance variability is interpreted by considering both wind and
wind-wave effects on the sea surface roughness which directly influences the
observed Sun glint pattern.
References
1. C. Cox and W. H. Munk, J. Opt. Soc. Am. 44 (1954) 838-850.
2. C. Cox and W. H. Munk, J. Mar. Res. 13 (1954) 198-227.
3. J. L. Deuze, M. Herman and R. Santer, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
41 (1989) 483-494.
4. D. Zhao and Y. Toba, J. Oceanogr. Soc. Jpn.
(2003) 235-244.
5. K. F. Evans and G. L. Stephens, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
59
46
(1991) 413-423.
6. J. Lenoble, Radiative Transfer in Scattering and Absorbing Atmospheres:
Standard Computational Procedures (Deepak Publishing, Hampton, Virginia,
1995).
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