Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
Component manager
Component manager
Component migration
Component migration
PCS (PDA)
PCS (PDA)
VC (person 1) VC (person 1) VC (person 2)
VC (person 2)
PCL (TV)
LC (tree 1)
AC (sensor 3)
AC (sensor 1)
AC (sensor 2)
Reference
VC (room)
VC (room)
Step 2:
Multicast query message
Step 1:
Search (BFS)
Step 1:
Search (BFS)
Step 2:
Multicast query message
LSM system
LSM system
Communication layer
Fusion layer
Abstraction layer
Reception layer
Communication layer
Fusion layer
Abstraction layer
Reception layer
Abstraction layer
Reception layer
Peer-to-peer
communication
TV
Sensor 1
Sensor 2
Sensor 3
User 1
User 1
User 2
User 2
Tag
Tag
PDA
PDA
Movement
Movement
FIGURE 16.5 Location-based pervasive computing environment. (From Satoh, I., Perv. Mobile Comput. ,
3(2), 158, 2007.)
Huang et al. (2009) attempted to link ubicomp with Web 2.0/collective intelligence into mobile
navigation services. They developed a mobile navigation system in a ubicomp environment to
collect user-generated content explicitly and implicitly, such as ratings, comments, feedback,
moving tracks and durations at decision points, and thus provide users with a new experience
and smart wayfinding support (e.g. route recommendations based on collective intelligence). A
smart environment with a positioning module and a wireless communication module was set up
to support users' wayfinding, facilitate users' interaction with an annotation of the smart envi-
ronment and collect user-generated content. In order to illustrate the benefits of introducing a
smart environment and Web 2.0 into mobile navigation services, Huang et al. (2009) developed
several collective intelligence-based route calculation algorithms to provide smart wayfinding
support for users, such as the nicest route , the least complex route , the most popular route and
the optimal route .
Prototype systems reported by Huang et al. (2009) and Satoh (2007) represented significant steps
towards performing meaningful GC in an indoor environment. Perhaps this may go down in history
as ubicomp's biggest contribution to GC as geospatial technologies have often been pejoratively
labelled as a 15% technology, because most humans spend 85% of their time indoors, and until
recently, we did not have efficient methods to track people in an indoor environment. As more and
more computer chips and sensors are becoming integral parts of our homes, offices, shops, hospi-
tals and neighbourhoods, GC will be better equipped with capabilities to model and track human
and object movement in indoor as well as outdoor environments. The recent development of urban
tomography (Evans-Cowley, 2010; Krieger et al., 2010) has enabled citizens to better document
their lives spatiotemporally by capturing dense audiovisual records of urban phenomena, poten-
tially linking both indoor and outdoor activities (Figure 16.6).
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