Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 11.1
Examples of Spatial ES Applications from the Literature from Numerous Domains
Spatial ES Applications
References
Agriculture
Tiangang et al. (2004); Chevalier et al. (2012)
Coastal zone management
Fedra and Feoli (1998)
Environmental management
Fedra et al. (1991); Geraghty (1993); Kao et al. (1996); Zhu et al. (1998); Booty et al.
(2001); Poch et al. (2004); Rodriguez-Bachiller and Glasson (2004); Booty et al.
(2009); Sikder (2009); Wang and Yu (2011); Herrero-Jiménez (2012)
Fishing
Sadly et al. (2009)
Forestry
Goldberg et al. (1984); Skidmore et al. (1996); Yang et al. (2006)
Geographic database management
Pereira et al. (1982); Filis et al. (2003)
Groundwater modelling
Sekkouri and Ouazar (2002); Shams et al. (2005)
Habitat suitability
Store and Kangas (2001)
Hazard monitoring/mapping
Metternicht (2001); Muthu and Petrou (2007); McCarthy et al. (2008); Genske and
Heinrich (2009); Ghosh and Bhattacharya (2010); Kuroki et al. (2010); Giordano
and Liersch (2012)
Image analysis, classification,
interpretation
Brooks (1983); Choi (2002); Kahya et al. (2008)
Invasive species mapping
Masocha and Skidmore (2011)
Land consolidation
Buis and Vingerhoeds (1996); Cay and Iscan (2011); Demetriou et al. (2011)
Land development
Chuenpichai et al. (2002); Lee et al. (2008)
Land suitability analysis
Kalogirou (2002)
Land-use planning
Crist et al. (2000); Witlox (2005); Wilcke et al. (2006)
Mapping/cartography
Ahn and Freeman (1984); Pfefferkorn et al. (1985); Howard (2003); Choi and Usery
(2004); Eldrandaly (2006); Farnood Ahmadi and Ebadi (2010)
Site analysis and selection
Jun (2000); Vlado (2002); Eldrandaly et al. (2003); Witlox (2003)
Storm water management
Simonovic (1993); Jin et al. (2006)
Terrain analysis
Palmer (1984)
Network design
Monedero et al. (2008)
Transportation planning
Wei et al. (2011); Jia (2000)
Health management
Fleming et al. (2007)
Resource management
Robinson et al. (1987); Loh and Rykiel (1992)
Rodriguez 2002). For these reasons, the use of ES in solving spatially related problems has focussed
on the integration of ES with GIS, the advantages of which have been recognised by several authors
(Burrough 1986; Robinson et al. 1987; Zhu and Healey 1992; Fischer 1994; Lilburne et al. 1997;
Jun 2000; Moore 2000; Lukasheh et al. 2001; Eldrandaly 2007). The need for integration has also
been pointed out by Leung (1997) who notes that any intelligent spatial-based system should pos-
sess knowledge and an inference mechanism for reaching decisions; ES have therefore remained
a powerful technology to achieve these goals. The integration of GIS and ES has also led to the
development of the broader SDSS and PSS (Geertman and Stillwell 2004), many of which are not
ES in the truest sense, as outlined in the previous section.
Table 11.1 presents a sample of applications from the literature in which ES have been devel-
oped to solve spatial problems, many of which have attempted to integrate GIS with ES. Early
attempts began in the 1980s, which was a period marked by a boom of interest in ES applica-
tions across a wide range of disciplines including the GIS community (Rodriguez-Bachiller and
Glasson 2004). This was followed by a decline of interest in the 1990s because of the ambigu-
ity of their power, especially for solving these kinds of complex spatial problems. Despite this
decline, ES are still a technology that is utilised for solving geospatial problems, and a large
