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Figure 7.7 Transportation hierarchy showing three layers of a nested hierarchy of
hexagons of various sizes oriented with respect to one another according to a trans-
portation principle based on competing centers entering the system at two (square
root of four) units apart. QR code leads to animation. Source: Arlinghaus, S. L.
and W. C. Arlinghaus. 2005. Spatial Synthesis: Volume I, Centrality and Hierarchy.
umich.edu/~copyrght/image/books/Spatial%20Synthesis2/Figure1_7new.gif.
Figure 7.7 also shows the unit hexagons and the larger hexagons based on
the expansion of goods and services. The competitors that enter are spaced
at a distance, in terms of lattice point spacing one unit apart, but in terms of
underlying Euclidean distance, two units apart. The position of the competi-
tors that enter the system in this scenario lie along radials that fan outward
from a center and pass along existing boundaries to the tributary areas. One
might imagine, therefore, that emphasis on market penetration, or transporta-
tion, is the focus here. Transportation ease is minimized.
Classical central place theory notes that in the transportation hierarchy, there is
a principle of four involved. The competing centers are two (square root of four)
units apart. Take a closer look at the hierarchy shown in
Figure 7.8
.
Each blue
hexagon contains the equivalent of four red hexagons: One entire red hexagon is
surrounded by six copies of 1/2 of a red hexagon. Each green hexagon contains
the equivalent of four blue hexagons: One entire blue hexagon is surrounded by
six copies of 1/2 of a blue hexagon. The green hexagons contain the equivalent
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