Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 2.1
Climate Change and Breeding Phenologies of Temperate Amphibians
Species
Breeding Earlier?
Reference
Europe
Bufo bufo
(Common.toad)
No
Reading.1998
Bufo calamita
(Natterjack.toad)
Yes
Beebee.1995
Rana kl. esculenta
(Edible.frog)
Yes
Beebee.1995
R. temporaria
(Common.frog)
No
Beebee.1995
R. temporaria
(Common.frog)
Yes
Scott.et.al..2008
Triturus helveticus
(Palmate.newt)
Yes
Beebee.1995
T. helveticus
(Palmate.newt)
Yes
Chadwick.et.al..2006
T. vulgaris
(Smooth.newt)
Yes
Beebee.1995
T. vulgaris
(Smooth.newt)
Yes
Chadwick.et.al..2006
T. cristatus
(Great-crested.newt)
Yes
Beebee.1995
North America
Anaxyrus americanus
(American.toad;.New.York)
No
Gibbs.and.Breisch.2001
A. boreas
(Western.toad;.Oregon)
No
Blaustein.et.al..2001a
A. fowleri
(Fowler's.toad;.Ontario,.Canada)
No
Blaustein.et.al..2001a
Hyla versicolor
(Gray.tree.frog;.New.York)
Yes
Gibbs.and.Breisch.2001
Pseudacris crucifer
(Spring.peeper;.Michigan)
No
Blaustein.et.al..2001a
Pseudacris crucifer
(Spring.peeper;.New.York)
Yes
Gibbs.and.Breisch.2001
Rana cascadae
(Cascades.frog;.Oregon)
No
Blaustein.et.al..2001a
Lithobates catesbeianus
(Bullfrog;.New.York)
Yes
Gibbs.and.Breisch.2001
L. clamitans
(Green.frog;.New.York)
No
Gibbs.and.Breisch.2001
L. sylvaticus
(Wood.frog;.New.York)
Yes
Gibbs.and.Breisch.2001
Asia
Hynobius tokyoensis
(Tokyo.salamander)
Yes
Kusano.and.Inoue.2008
Rana ornativentris
(Montane.brown.frog)
Yes
Kusano.and.Inoue.2008
Rhacophorus arboreus
(Kinugasa.lying.frog)
Yes
Kusano.and.Inoue.2008
neither.western.toads.nor.Cascades.frogs.(
Rana cascadae
).showed.signiicant.posi-
tive. trends. toward. earlier. breeding.. At. three. of. four. of. these. sites,. breeding. time.
was.associated.with.warmer.temperatures..The.spring.peeper.(
Pseudacris crucifer
).
in.Michigan.did.not.show.a.signiicant.trend.to.breeding.earlier.but.did.show.a.sig-
niicant.positive.relationship.between.breeding.time.and.temperature..Fowler's.toads.
(
A. fowleri
). in. eastern. Canada. did. not. show. a. trend. for. breeding. earlier,. nor. was.
there.a.positive.relationship.between.breeding.time.and.temperature..In.Colorado,.
the.breeding.time.of.boreal.chorus.frogs.(
Pseudacris maculata
).was.correlated.with.
snow.levels.accumulated.throughout.the.winter.(Corn.and.Muths.2002)..Therefore,.
at.least.for.this.species,.changes.in.snowpack.associated.with.climate.change.could.
inluence.breeding.time.
