Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
1. Decision-makers
& Stakeholders
6. Revisit
Decide
Implement
Monitor
Problem
Objectives
Alternatives
Uncertainty
Risk Tolerance
Linked Decisions
3. Model & Predict
Consequences
Tradeoffs
FIGURE 12.1
Diagram.of.the.adaptive.management.process..1..Assemble.decision.makers.
and.key.stakeholders..2..Structure.the.problem.by.deining.the.scope.of.the.problem,.clarify-
ing.objectives,.and.generating.alternatives..Consider.the.sources.of.management.uncertainty.
and.risk.tolerance.of.the.decision.maker,.and.identify.linked.decisions..3..Model.and.predict.
the.consequences.of.management.alternatives.and.associated.trade-offs..4..Manage.by.mak-
ing.a.decision,.implementing.that.decision,.and.monitoring.the.outcomes..5..Update.the.mod-
els.with.monitoring.information;.repeat.steps.3,.4,.and.5,.reducing.management.uncertainty.
with.each.iteration..6..Periodically.revisit.the.structuring.phase.of.the.process.by.assembling.
key.stakeholders.
usually. referred. to. as. targeted. monitoring,. supports. management. decisions,. helps.
managers.to.evaluate.the.achievement.of.management.objectives.at.multiple.spatial.
scales,.and.helps.to.evaluate.the.effects.of.climate.change.(Holthausen.et.al..2005)..
Targeted. monitoring. under. AM. is. lexible. in. terms. of. the. resources. and. expertise.
needed.to.implement.it..Targeted.monitoring.of.species.and.ecosystems.can.contrib-
ute.to.vulnerability.assessments.and.provide.an.early.warning.of.impending.ecosys-
tem.changes.and.effects.on.high-priority.resources.(Lawler.et.al..2010).
Targeted.monitoring.is.perhaps.the.type.of.monitoring.most.frequently.conducted.
by. Refuge. System. ield. stations. and. is. the. most. resource-intensive. component. of.
the. AM. process. (Holthausen. et. al.. 2005;. Nichols. and. Williams. 2006;. Sauer. and.
Knutson.2008)..All.but.the.simplest.forms.of.monitoring.require.protocols,.sampling.
designs,.documentation,.data.management,.and.reporting..If.widely.employed.across.
the.Refuge.System,.targeted.monitoring.under.AM.has.the.potential.to.improve.the.
quality,.eficiency,.and.transparency.of.management.decisions..The.Refuge.System.
is.implementing.a.new.Inventory.and.Monitoring.Program.that.will.support.targeted.
monitoring.under.AM.as.one.element.of.the.program.
