Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
fears. about. the. implications. of. climate. change. within. protected. area. conservation.
strategies.and.hopes.(some.perhaps.unrealistic).about.the.potential.funds.that.might.
low.into.protected.areas.as.a.result.of.REDD..The.extent.to.which.either.the.hopes.
or.fears.will.materialize.remains.uncertain.at.the.present.time.
Due. to. its. complexity. and. the. array. of. causes,. impacts,. and. responses,. climate.
change.requires.synergy.between.many.international.instruments.(McNeely.2008),.
cooperation. between. different. government. departments. within. countries,. and. the.
involvement.of.different.stakeholder.groups.including.a.wide.range.of.industries..At.
present,.this.is.frequently.not.happening..Governments.are.focusing.on.“brown.solu-
tions”.(emissions.reductions,.etc.).and.not.always.considering.the.knock-on.effects.to.
the.“green”.or.“blue”.solutions.(carbon.stored.in.terrestrial.vegetation.or.in.the.seas.
and.oceans)..For.example,.a.narrow.focus.on.emissions.reductions.has.encouraged.
biofuel.production,.which,.if.not.properly.planned,.frequently.results.in.additional.
carbon.being.lost.from.terrestrial.systems.
More. integrated. approaches. are. urgently. required,. including. recognition. of. the.
wider.role.of.protected.area.systems.in.addressing.both.mitigation.and.adaptation..A.
report.on.climate.change.from.the.Economics.of.Ecosystems.and.Biodiversity.study.
(TEEB.2009).outlines.the.options:
Direct.conservation,.e.g..via.protected.areas,.or.sustainable.use.restrictions,.are.means.
of.maintaining.our.ecological.infrastructure.healthy.and.productive,.delivering.ecosys-
tem.services..Very.high.beneit-cost.ratios.are.observed,.so.long.as.we.include.amongst.
beneits.a.valuation.of.the.public.goods.and.services.of.ecosystems,.and.compute.social.
returns.on.investment.
Policy.decisions.made.in.the.next.few.years.will.determine.the.extent.to.which.
these.beneits.are.fully.recognized.
REFERENCES
Asner,. G.P.,. D.E.. Knapp,. E.B.. Broadbent,. et. al.. 2005.. Selective. logging. in. the. Amazon..
Science
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Aylward,.B..2000..
Economic Analysis of Land-Use Change in a Watershed Context.
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at. a. UNESCO. Symposium/Workshop. on. Forest-Water-People. in. the. Humid. Tropics:.
Kuala.Lumpur,.Malaysia,.July.31-August.4.
Baker,. T.R.,. O.L.. Phillips,. Y.. Malhi,. S.. Almeida,. L.. Arroyo,. A.. Di. Fiore,. T.. Erwin,. N..
Higuchi,. T.J.. Killeen,. S.G.. Laurance1,.W.F.. Laurance,. S.L.. Lewis,.A.. Monteagudo,.
D.A..Neill,.P..Núnez.Vargas,.N.C..A..Pitman,.J.N.M..Silva,.and.R.V..Martínez..2004..
Increasing.biomass.in.Amazon.forest.plots..
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal
Society B
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Balmford,.A.,.A..Bruner,.P..Cooper,.R..Costanza,.S..Farber,.R.E..Green,.M..Jenkins,.P..Jefferies,.
V.. Jessamy,. J.. Madden,. K.. Munro,. N.. Myers,. S.. Naeem,. J.. Paavola,. M.. Rayment,. S..
Rosendo,.J..Roughgarden,.K..Trumper,.and.R.K.,.Turner..2002..Economic.reasons.for.
conserving.wild.nature.
Science
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Balmford,.A.,.P..Gravestock,.N..Hockley,.C.J..McClean,.and.C.M..Roberts..2004..The.world-
wide.costs.of.marine.protected.areas..
PNAS
101(26):.9694-9697.
