Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
REDD.to.recognize.the.efforts.and.cater.to.the.needs.of.countries.that.have.already.
invested.in.conservation,.either.through.the.establishment.and.effective.management.
of. protected. areas. or. other. means,. and. historically. have. had. low. emissions. levels.
from. deforestation. and. forest. degradation. as. a. result. (see. discussion. of. stock-low.
mechanisms.in.the.following).
Strong.international.support.exists.for.the.development.of.social.safeguard.poli-
cies. and. other. guidelines. to. ensure. broad. stakeholder. consultations. and. program.
designs. that. avoid. adverse. effects,. particularly. on. local. and. indigenous. people..
Depending.on.the.national.REDD.implementation.strategies.adopted,.project-based.
approaches.may.continue.as.a.good.way.of.addressing.local.drivers.of.forest.loss.and.
insuring.accountability.and.equity.of.REDD.strategies..National.baselines.will.help.
insure.against.leakage.that.may.occur.in.any.individual.project..Wide.participation.
in. REDD. initiatives. from. among. forested. developing. countries. will. guard. against.
international.displacement.of.deforestation.(international.leakage).
The.resources.needed.to.implement.REDD.effectively.throughout.the.developing.
countries.are.substantial:.igures.of.up.to.US$55.billion.a.year.have.been.suggested.
(Saunders.and.Nussbaum.2008),.although.there.are.major.differences.in.predictions.
about.both.the.potential.for.reducing.deforestation.through.inancial.incentives.and.
the.likely.money.available..The.Stern.report.(Stern.2006).suggests.that.US$10.bil-
lion. per. year. would. be. needed. to. implement. REDD. mechanisms.. REDD. has. the.
potential.to.address.several.critical.issues.within.a.single.mechanism:.mitigation.of.
climate.change,.reduced.land.degradation,.improved.biodiversity.conservation,.and.
increased.human.well-being.and.poverty.alleviation..Institutions.such.as.the.World.
Bank. and. the. United. Nations. are. investing. in. REDD. projects,. which. will. require.
capacity.building.and.continuous,.predictable,.and.long-term.funding.
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However,. there. will. be. challenges. for. protected. areas. in. implementing. REDD. in.
overall.forest.policy..REDD.policies.will,.for.example,.take.into.account.the.need.
to.fortify.protected.areas.against.potential.incursions.due.to.the.implementation.of.
REDD.elsewhere..Similarly,.REDD.incentives.focused.on.the.most.carbon-rich.for-
est.ecosystems.may.devalue.other.habitats,.such.as.wetlands.and.grasslands,.which.
are. also. crucial. for. biodiversity. and. other. signiicant. ecosystem. services.. REDD.
schemes.need.to.be.part.of.a.broader.national.land-use.planning.process.that.takes.
into.account.the.requirements.of.people.and.wildlife.as.it.optimizes.land-based.car-
bon. sequestration.. At. a. subnational. level,. mechanisms. are. needed. to. account. for.
accidental.forest.loss,.for.instance,.through.extreme.wind,.ire,.or.disease.(that.may,.
in.itself,.be.caused.indirectly.by.climate.change);.this.might.be.achieved.by.“pool-
ing”. several. areas.. In. general,. these. stochastic. events. would. not. be. large. enough.
to. effect. national. targets. for. emissions. reductions,. but. in. some. cases. (such. as. El.
Nĩo-caused. changes. in. ire. regimes). they. may. be. signiicant. enough. to. warrant.
pooling.among.several.countries.
More. generally,. some. analysts. fear. that. badly. managed. REDD. projects. will.
increase.pressure.on.poor.communities.in.terms.of.security.of.land.tenure.and.access.
to. resources. (Mehta. and. Kill. 2007).. A. substantial. proportion. of. forest. loss. is. due.
