Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
carbon.beneits.quickly.apparent.(McKee.and.Faulkner.2000)..In.peat,.drying.out.
can.release.stored.carbon,.and.several.protected.areas.are.now.experimenting.with.
restoration.techniques.to.help.reverse.this.process.and.restart.sequestration.
USING AN ECOSYSTEM APPROACH TO ADDRESS ADAPTATION
Maintaining. ecosystem. function. generally. requires. management. of. large. areas,.
often.larger.than.the.boundaries.of.an.individual.protected.area..The.following.ques-
tions.need.to.be.answered.in.developing.an.ecosystem-based.adaptation.strategy.in.
a.particular.location,.to.ensure.that.it.is.assessed.and.developed.as.part.of.a.compre-
hensive.national.adaptation.strategy:
. 1.. What.ecosystem-based.options.are.available,.and.what.evidence.(scientiic.or.
Traditional.Ecological.Knowledge).exists.to.show.that.the.options.are.feasible?
. 2.. What. are. the. thresholds. for. failure. in. buffering. risks. (this. question. also.
applies. to. engineered. solutions;. a. typical. question. would. be,.
what is the
maximum rainfall that wetlands can absorb, without leading to catastrophic
looding?
).
. 3.. What.measures.are.needed.to.maintain.resilience.within.the.ecosystem.in.
the.face.of.climate.change?
. 4.. What.ecosystem.management.options.exist?
. 5.. What.other.adaptation.options.exist?.This.would.require.that.the.feasibility,.
costs,.and.beneits.of.engineered.solutions.or.behavior-based.solutions.be.
addressed.and.compared.
. 6.. What.other.threats.to.the.protected.area.exist?
. 7.. Which.option.is.most.suitable.given.the.local.socioeconomic.and.ecological.
context?
. 8.. What.incentives.are.needed.to.sustain.ecosystem-based.adaptation?.These.
may.include,.for.instance,.tax.credits,.payments.for.ecosystem.services,.and.
insurance.schemes,.but.also.incentives.based.on.thorough.understanding.of.
costs.and.beneits.among.those.involved.
. 9.. What. can. existing. protected. areas. do. to. contribute. to. ecosystem-based.
adaptation,.and.what.new.protected.areas.might.need.to.be.established.to.
supply.the.necessary.services?
. 10.. How. can. these. protected. areas. be. mainstreamed. into. broader. adaptation.
policies?
. 11.. What. other. beneits. (economic. and. noneconomic). might. such. protected.
areas.supply.to.be.included.within.cost.comparisons?
. 12.. How.do.local.communities.and.other.stakeholders.view.the.various.options?
FINANCING EFFECTIVE PROTECTED AREA NETWORKS
Since. the. CBD. came. into. force. in. 1993,. the. world's. protected. areas. have. grown.
by.almost.100%.in.number.and.60%.in.area..Yet.in.the.same.period,.international.
inancing.for.biodiversity.conservation.has.grown.only.38%.(Mulongoy.et.al.2008)..
Current.inancing.for.protected.areas.is.generally.judged.to.be.inadequate;.estimates.
