Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
i
mproVing
m
anagemenT
e
ffeCTiVeness
WiThin
p
roTeCTed
a
reas
Protected.areas.usually.exist.in.the.presence.of.a.range.of.cross-cutting.pressures;.if.
not.addressed.these.can.further.weaken.an.area's.ability.to.withstand.climate.change..
Once. pressures. have. been. identiied. and. assessed,. it. is. important. to. build. strate-
gies. that. address. both. immediate. threats,. such. as. poaching,. encroachment,. forest.
ires,.illegal.logging,.climate.change,.and.conversion,.and.underlying.causes.such.as.
poor.governance,.poverty,.perverse.subsidies,.trade.barriers,.and.investment.lows..
Strategic. interventions. will. range. from. site-based. actions. to. those. at. landscape,.
national,. ecoregional,. and. international. levels.. Approaches. to. understanding. pro-
tected. area. management. effectiveness. are. well. developed. (Hockings. et. al.. 2006).
and.assessment.tools.are.increasingly.widely.applied;.for.example,.there.have.been.
protected-area-system-wide.assessments.of.Finland,.South.Korea,.and.Colombia.in.
recent.years..Some.assessment.methods.may.require.adaptation.to.meet.the.needs.of.
protected.areas.used.in.climate.adaptation.strategies.
f
oCusing
s
ome
m
anagemenT
s
peCifiCally
on
m
iTigaTion
and
a
dapTaTion
n
eeds
In.addition.to.overall.management.effectiveness,.some.speciic.new.management.
approaches. may. be. needed,. including. special. planning. and. assessment. tools..
Researchers. face. a. number. of. important. remaining. questions. about. response.
strategies..More.generally,.within.protected.area.agencies.the.implementation.of.
such.wide-ranging.changes.will.require.that.a.strategy.be.developed.at.both.the.
protected-area-systems. level. and. in. management. plans. for. individual. protected.
areas.. Capacity. building. will. be. needed. to. establish. knowledge. about. emerg-
ing. management. challenges. and. opportunities.. Other. land. managers. will. also.
require.many.of.these.skills,.and.protected.area.agencies.may.in.some.cases.be.
a.useful.conduit.for.such.information;.this.could,.in.effect,.become.another.part.
of.their.functions.
Better. forecasting. is. seen. as. important,. to. decide. on. the. number. and. location.
of. protected. areas. and. on. their. relationship. with. the. wider. landscape. or. seascape,.
relecting.future.ambient.weather.conditions,.changes.to.biomes,.refugia.areas,.etc..
(Hannah.et.al..2007)..Protected.area.agencies.will.need.to.ensure.that.information.to.
help.manage.rapidly.changing.environments.is.readily.available.to.managers.
i
nTroduCing
r
esToraTion
s
TraTegies
In.cases.where.protected.areas.have.been.established.on.previously.degraded.eco-
systems,. or. where. they. have. experienced. illegal. degradation. following. protection,.
some.level.of.restoration.may.also.be.required.(Dudley.2005),.although.restoration.
will.need.careful.planning.to.ensure.
additionality
,.that.is,.the.level.of.greenhouse.
gas.emission.reductions.generated.by.a.carbon.offset.project.
over and above
what.
would.have.occurred.in.the.absence.of.the.project.(Galatowitsch.2009)..Restoration.
might. be. particularly. important. for. mangrove. ecosystems,. where. clearance. has.
been. commonplace,. restoration. relatively. straightforward,. and. the. ecosystem. and.
