Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
unplanned. social. and. political. upheavals. (Maginnis. et. al.. 2004),. making. adaptive.
management.an.essential.component.of.any.such.approach..Successful.broad-scale.
conservation.programs.have.therefore.built.partnerships.with.governments,.private.
sectors,.and.local.communities.
r
eCogniTion
and
i
mplemenTaTion
of
The
f
ull
r
ange
of
p
roTeCTed
a
rea
g
oVernanCe
T
ypes
A.major.expansion.of.protected.areas.driven.entirely.by.the.state.is.a.limited.and.
probably. unachievable. target. in. many. countries.. New. protected. area. initiatives.
are.more.effective.if.a.broad.range.of.stakeholders.are.involved..Governments.are.
recognizing. this;. for. example,. the. report,.
Australia's Biodiversity and Climate
Change
. (Steffen. et. al.. 2009),. stresses. the. need. for. new. governance. approaches.
within. protection,. including. the. rapidly. expanding. Indigenous. Protected. Areas.
network.
This.also.means.accepting.and.welcoming.new.concepts.of.protection.that.con-
tribute.to.viable.climate.response.strategies,.including.new.governance.types.such.
as.indigenous.and.community.conserved.areas,.private.protected.areas,.and.coman-
agement. regimes. (Borrini-Feyerabend. et. al.. 2004).. It. will. often. involve. negotiat-
ing. forms. of. protection. with. many. stakeholders,. accepting. different. management.
models,.taking.risks,.and.including.other.peoples'.priorities.in.planning.processes..
Increasingly,.as.climate.change.becomes.a.reality,.local.communities.are.themselves.
taking.the.initiative.and.recognizing.the.importance.of.natural.ecosystems,.some-
times.moving.faster.than.the.government..Some.“bottom-up”.responses.compiled.by.
the.World.Resources.Institute,.for.example,.include.participatory.reforestation.of.Rio.
de.Janeiro's.hillside.
favelas
.to.combat.lood-induced.landslides,.reinstating.pastoral.
networks.in.Mongolia,.and.reviving.traditional.enclosures.to.encourage.regeneration.
in.Tanzania.(McGray.et.al..2007).
i
nCreasing
The
l
eVel
of
p
roTeCTion
for
C
arbon
s
Tores
WiThin
p
roTeCTed
a
reas
Increased.levels.of.protection.may.be.justiied.to.maximize.carbon.storage.in.some.
protected. areas.. This. might. involve. modifying. management. aims,. for. instance,.
forming. strict. protection. zones. in. protected. areas. that. have. previously. allowed.
some.utilization.within.their.borders.(in.other.words,.moving.from.an.International.
Union.for.Conservation.of.Nature.[IUCN].category.V.or.VI.protected.area.to.cat-
egory.Ia,.Ib,.or.II)..Alternatively,.efforts.might.be.focused.on.vegetation.restora-
tion.or.changes.in.patterns.of.ire.management.or.water.low..Carbon.storage.and.
sequestration.needs.to.be.measured.and.planned.at.a.landscape.scale.and.will.be.
subject.to.some.trade-offs,.particularly.in.ire-prone.ecosystems..Prescribed.burn-
ing. to. reduce. fuel. load. will,. for. example,. release. carbon. but. may. prevent. future.
more. catastrophic. losses.. Natural. disturbance. patterns. need. to. be. factored. into.
efforts.to.increase.sequestration.
