Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
conversion,. other. forms. of. poaching,. impacts. from. invasive. species,. and.
poor.ire.management.
.
6..
Focusing some management speciically on mitigation and adaptation
needs
:. including. modiication. of. management. plans,. site. selection. tools,.
and.management.approaches.as.necessary.
.
7..
Introducing restoration strategies
:.in.protected.areas.where.both.carbon.
and.biodiversity.values.could.be.enhanced.by.targeted.action
m
ore
and
l
arger
p
roTeCTed
a
reas
Increasing.the.number.of.protected.areas,.and.particularly.of.large.protected.areas,.
will.become.important.for.maintaining.ecosystem.integrity.and.for.maximizing.eco-
system.resilience.under.conditions.of.climate.change..Steps.can.include.expanding.
borders.of.individual.protected.areas.and.linking.protected.areas.including.across.
national.or.regional.borders..Appropriate.social.safeguards.are.needed.to.address.the.
needs.of.local.communities.living.within.or.adjacent.to.these.areas.
Many. governments. are. currently. expanding. and. consolidating. their. protected.
area.systems,.in.line.with.the.commitments.made.in.the.Convention.of.Biological.
Diversity's. (CBD). Program. of. Work. on. Protected. Areas. (SCBD. 2004),. the. main.
objective. of. which. is. to. complete. ecologically. representative,. well-managed. pro-
tected. area. networks.. The. Program. has. agreed. actions,. a. timetable,. and. political.
support;.in.countries.such.as.Mexico.and.Colombia.it.has.resulted.in.concrete.actions.
to.identify.and.gazette.new.protected.areas..The.CBD.already.has.available.a.range.
of.tools.to.help.identify.likely.areas.for.inclusion.within.national.protected.area.sys-
tems,.including.a.gap.analysis.methodology.that.can.locate.the.most.suitable.areas.of.
land.and.water.(Dudley.and.Parrish.2006).
C
onneCTing
p
roTeCTed
a
reas
WiThin
l
andsCapes
/s
easCapes
Protected. areas.do.not.exist.in.isolation.but.function. as.part.of. a.larger.landscape.
or. seascape—connectivity. is. therefore. increasingly. recognized. as. a. critical. value.
(Worboys. et. al.. 2010). and. is. giving. rise. to. some. ambitious. projects. such. as. the.
Yellowstone. to. Yukon. corridor. in. North. America.. Given. the. complexity. of. issues.
involved. in. the. establishment. and. management. of. such. projects,. the. proportion. of.
territory. under. protection. has. to. remain. lexible. to. local. conditions.. A. mixture. of.
protection,.management,.and.usually.also.restoration.is.required.in.what.has.become.
known. as. a.
landscape approach
,. appropriate. to. particular. locations. and. circum-
stances. (such. approaches. are. also. relevant. in. seascapes).. Implicit. within. this. are.
the. twin. concepts. of. increasing. ecological. connectivity. with. a. view. to. increasing.
resilience. and. thinking. constructively. about. other. management. systems. that. can.
contribute. to. broader-scale. conservation. aims.. The. approach. does. not. imply. that.
there.is.one.“ideal”.mosaic.that,.once.achieved,.will.remain.static.indeinitely,.but.
rather. that. there. are. a. range. of. possible. mosaics,. which. if. implemented. can. help.
to. make. a. landscape. or. seascape. resilient. to. environmental. change.. Any. conser-
vation. vision. will. exist. alongside. other,. actually. or. potentially,. competing. visions.
(economic. development,. sustainable. development,. cultural. values). and. planned. or.
