Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
with. the. highest. likelihood. of. success. at. the. expense. of. those. that. divert.
resources.and.have.less.certainty.of.favorable.outcomes.
•.
Consider trade-offs and conlicts -
Future.impacts.on.ecological.and.socio-
economic. sensitivities. can. result. in. potential. trade-offs. and. conlicts. for.
species. conservation. and. other.resource.values.. For.example,.stress. com-
plexes. exacerbated. by. climatic. change. may. cause. threatened. species. to.
become.even.more.rare,.thus.undermining.the.likelihood.of.successful.pro-
tection.. These. trade-offs. and. conlicts. can. be. considered. collectively. and.
incorporated.in.land.management.planning.
Olympic.National.Forest.resource.staff.also.developed.
speciic adaptation options
:
•.
Increase landscape diversity
. -. This. option. focuses. on. increasing. variety.
in.stand.structures.and.species.assemblages.over.large.areas.and.avoiding.
“one.size.its.all”.management.prescriptions.(Millar.et.al..2007)..This.can.
include.applying.forest.thinning.to.increase.variability.in.stand.structure,.
increase. resilience. to. stress. by. increasing. tree. vigor,. and. reduce. vulner-
ability.to.disturbance.(Parker.et.al..2000;.Dale.et.al..2001;.Spittlehouse.and.
Stewart.2003).
•.
Maintain biological diversity
.-.Appropriate.species.and.genotypes.can.be.
planted.in.anticipation.of.a.warmer.climate.(Smith.and.Lenhart.1996;.Parker.
et.al..2000;.Spittlehouse.and.Stewart.2003;.Millar.et.al..2007),.thus.allow-
ing.resource.managers.to.“hedge.their.bets”.by.diversifying.the.phenotypic.
and.genotypic.template.on.which.climate.and.competition.interact,.and.to.
avoid. widespread. mortality. at. the. regeneration. stage.. For. example,. nurs-
ery.stock.from.warmer,.drier.locations.than.what.is.prescribed.in.genetic.
guidelines.based.on.current.seed.zones.can.be.planted.following.a.crown.
ire.(Spittlehouse.and.Stewart.2003).
•.
Treat large-scale disturbance as a management opportunity
.-.Large-scale.
disturbance.causes.rapid.changes.in.ecosystems,.but.also.provides.oppor-
tunities.to.apply.adaptation.strategies.(Dale.et.al..2001;.Millar.et.al..2007)..
Carefully. designed. management. experiments. for. adapting. to. climatic.
change. can. be. implemented,. provided. that. plans. are. in. place. in. anticipa-
tion.of.large.disturbances..For.example,.one.could.experiment.with.mixed-
species.tree.planting.even.though.the.standard.prescription.might.be.for.a.
monoculture.(Millar.et.al..2007).
•.
Implement early detection/rapid response for invasive species
.-.A.focus.on.
treating.small.problems.before.they.become.large,.unsolvable.problems.rec-
ognizes.that.proactive. management.is.more.effective.than.delayed.imple-
mentation.(Millar.et.al..2007)..For.example,.recently.burned.areas.may.be.
susceptible.to.invasive.species.that.can.be.detected.by.monitoring.during.
the.irst.few.years.after.ire.
•.
Match engineering of infrastructure to expected future conditions
.-.This.
refers. primarily. to. road. and. drainage. engineering. that. can. accommodate.
future. changes. in. hydrology. (Spittlehouse. and. Stewart. 2003).. However,.
