Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
TABLE 6.3 (continued)
Elevational Distributions of Butterly Species in the Sierra de Guadarrama
(Central Spain) in Two Time Periods (1967-1973 and 2004-2005)
Elevation Band (m) a
Species
<800
800-1000
1000-1200
1200-1400
1400-1600
>1600
Melitaea trivia
-/-
+/(+)
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
Nymphalis polychloros
+/+
+/(+)
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/(+)
Papilio machaon
+/+
+/(+)
+/+
+/+
+/(+)
-/+
Pararge aegeria
+/-
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
Parnassius apollo
-/-
+/-
+/-
+/(+)
+/+
+/+
Pieris napi
+/-
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
Polygonia c-album
+/+
+/(+)
+/-
+/+
+/+
+/+
Polyommatus icarus
+/+
+/+
-/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
Pseudophilotes panoptes
-/+
-/+
-/+
+/+
-/(+)
-/-
Pyronia bathseba
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
-/(+)
Pyronia cecilia
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/(+)
-/(+)
-/-
Pyronia tithonus
-/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
-/+
Satyrus actaea
-/-
(+)/-
+/-
+/-
+/+
+/+
Thecla quercus
-/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
-/(+)
Vanessa atalanta
+/-
+/-
+/(+)
+/+
+/+
+/+
Zerynthia rumina
-/-
+/+
+/+
+/+
+/+
-/(+)
a. Columns.show.presence.(+).or.absence.(-).of.species.in.200-m.elevation.intervals.in.1967-1973.(left.
symbol).and.2004-2005.(right.symbol)..Distribution.status:.+/+.Survived;.+/-.Extinct;.-/+.Colonized;.
-/-.Absent..Symbols.in.parentheses.show.species.recorded.in.raw.data.but.absent.from.data.resampled.
to.equalize.sampling.effort.among.elevation.intervals.and.between.time.periods..Twelve.species.(not.
shown.in.table).were.observed.in.all.six.elevation.intervals.in.both.surveys,.for.both.raw.and.resampled.
data:. Argynnis niobe ,. Argynnis pandora ,. Coenonympha pamphilus ,. Colias croceus , Gonepteryx rhamni ,
Hipparchia semele , Issoria lathonia , Lampides boeticus ,. Lycaena phlaeas ,. Melanargia lachesis ,. Pieris
rapae ,. Pontia daplidice .
Direct.habitat.change.is.unlikely.to.be.the.key.driver.where.species.with.a.wide.range.
of.habitat.associations.all.show.uphill.shifts.in.distributions;.for.example,.the.mean.
elevations.of.desert,.chaparral,.and.montane.plants.all.increased.at.similar.rates.in.
southern.California.between.1977.and.2006-2007.(Kelly.and.Goulden.2008).
Human.land.use.intensity.is.generally.greater.at.low.elevations.(Nogués-Bravo.et.
al..2008);.hence.it.may.be.dificult.to.disentangle.local.extinctions.caused.by.climate.
change.from.those.caused.by.direct.habitat.degradation..One.approach.is.to.revisit.
sites.with.historical.records.for.focal.species,.and.to.record.whether.apparently.suit-
able.habitats.and.populations.of.the.species.remain..This.approach.can.be.effective.
for.habitat.specialist.species,.where.limiting.resources.can.be.clearly.identiied.(see.
examples.in.Table 6.2)..Studies.revisiting.historical.populations.of.butterly.species.
have. documented. population. extinctions. from. low-elevation. sites. where. host. plant.
species.survive,.suggesting.direct.effects.of.climate.change.(Parmesan.1996,.2005;.
 
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