Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
a) Mean elevation
100
80
60
40
20
0
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
b) Upper limit
100
80
60
40
20
0
1991
1995
1999
2003
2007
c) Lower limit
100
80
60
40
20
0
1995
1991
1999
2003
2007
Midpoint of latest distribution survey
FIGURE 6.1
Rates.of.uphill.range.shifts.reported.in.recent.studies..Estimated.mean.uphill.
shifts.(m.per.decade).are.shown.for.(a).mean.elevations,.(b).upper.elevations,.and.(c).lower.
elevations.against.the.midpoint.of.the.latest.distribution.survey.in.each.study.(to.show.how.
recently.distribution.shifts.may.have.occurred)..Large.symbols.show.community-level.stud-
ies.(Table.6.1);.small.symbols.show.single.species.studies.(Table.6.2)..Open.symbols.show.
data.from.~10-km.resolution.atlas.surveys.(Hill.et.al..2002;.Konvicka.et.al..2003;.Hickling.et.
al..2006)..Closed.symbols.show.site-.or.species-based.repeat.distribution.surveys.(data.from.
Grabherr.et.al..1994;.Parmesan.1996,.2005;.Kullman.2001,.2002;.Klanderud.and.Birks.2003;.
Pẽuelas.and.Boada.2003;.Battisti.et.al..2005,.2006;.Walther.et.al..2005;.Wilson.et.al..2005;.
Franco.et.al..2006;.Beckage.et.al..2008;.Kelly.and.Goulden.2008;.Le.Roux.and.McGeoch.
2008;. Lenoir. et. al.. 2008;. Merrill. et. al.. 2008;. Moritz. et. al.. 2008;. Parolo. and. Rossi. 2008;.
Raxworthy.et.al..2008;.Bergamini.et.al..2009;.Chen.et.al..2009).
