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10
−
3
, the estimated
PGSa
(axial strains) are
veryclosetothecomputed
PGSa
valueswitha2Dmodel(Figure18.9),aswellastothe
estimatedvaluesbasedonthe
PGSa-PGV
relationshipshowninFigure18.2,(i.e.8
the top loose soil layers of the order of 1
.
4
·
10
−
4
·
10
−
4
againstto7
.Moreoverconsideringtherecordedandthecomputedvaluesof
PGV
(Figure18.15),bothrangesof
PGSa
valuesareclosetotheonessuggestedbyeq.(18.3).
·
)
InFigure18.16wepresentthevulnerabilityassessmentofthewatersystemsinDuzcefor
the strong earthquake that has damaged the city in 1999, using eq. (18.6) based on
PGV
values. The classification of the damages rate per district is presented in Figure 18.17. In
thesubsequentFigure18.18wepresentthesamesyntheticresultsbasedontheO'Rourke
Fig. 18.18. Vulnerability assessment (damage states)of water mains inDuzce for the
M7.1,1999 earthquake) based onthe
PGS
approach
