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recovery. In order to enhance the quality of evacuation, education, early warning system
and better city planning can be beneficial. Constructing a reasonable set of evacuation
landswithenough height maybealsouseful.Theseevacuation landsmaybe utilizedfor
eithercommunityfacilities,parksorreligiouspurposefacilitiesfordailyuseofresidents.
Inthis way of combining the multiple objectives of the facilities instead of pursuing the
sole objective, better planning formitigating disastersmay be achieved.
Securing the robust evacuation route is also important. In the example of the district
shown in Figure 13.18, at least one bridge should be robust enough to allow evacuation
immediately after the earthquake. In the highly developed urban area, fires, collapse of
buildings and other associated events that close the evacuation route must be evaluated
for better planning of evacuation.
Earlyrecoveryofthedamagedurbanareasshouldalsobewellplanned.Emergencybase
forrecovery,hospitals,andotherimportantfacilitiesshouldberobustenoughtobefunc-
tional in theextreme event.
7. Conclusions
The review of recent developments in seismic analysis and discussions on the emerging
trends in design may be summarized as follows:
(1) Soilconsistsofsoilparticles.Thefundamentalstudyonthisaspectofsoilhascome
tothestagewheretheresultsofthestudycanbereadilyincorporatedasanessential
part of seismic analysis of soil-structure systems. Geotechnical earthquake engi-
neers and researchers are encouraged to look into this fundamental study because
new knowledge isalways learned bygoing back to the fundamentals.
(2) Recent seismic analysis indicates that (i) dilatancy induced by the stress path in
the vicinity of failure line should be carefully studied and incorporated into the
soil model, (ii) residual strength of soil may play significant role in inducing
crest settlements of river dikes, (iii) earth pressure increase induced by the excess
pore water pressure rise should be considered for designing buried structures and
(iv) initial stress conditions plays significant role in seismic behavior of sheet pile
walls.
(3) In conventional design, construction of a good geotechnical work was the sole
objective of design. In the emerging trends in design, providing appropriate func-
tion and service rather than a physical construction becomes the final objec-
tive of design. There is an important paradigm shift from structure-oriented to
performance-oriented approach. Conventional design relied on the standardized
approach. If needed, variability in these standardized values was considered in a
frameworksuchasreliabilitydesignmethodology inastandardized manner. Inthe
merging trends in design, site-specific approach is adopted for achieving the opti-
mumdesignbestsuitedfortheconstructionsite.Conventionaldesignwasbasedon
theanalysisofstructuralorsoilpartidealizedtofittothesimplifiedmethodologies.
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