Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
route for parametric study of both geotechnical and seismological variables. Provided
themacroelementcontainssufficientrealism,itcanaidunderstandingoftheinfluenceof
nonlinearity and indicate clearly the potential for chaotic response.
Acknowledgements
Material for this paper has come from research projects for which substantial contribu-
tions were made by: Alessandro Gajo (constitutive modelling), Marcos Arroyo (inter-
pretation of laboratory geophysical testing); Matthew Dietz (shaking table testing for
NEMISREF project); and Thaveechai Kalasin (macroelement modelling).
REFERENCES
ArroyoM,MuirWoodD,GreeningPD,MedinaL,Rio,J(2006)Effectsofsamplesizeonbender-
based axial
G
o
measurements. G´eotechnique 56(1):39-52
Been K, Jefferies MG (1985) Astate parameter for sands. G´eotechnique 35(2):99-112
CremerC,PeckerA,DavenneL(2001)Cyclicmacro-elementforsoil-structureinteraction:mate-
rial and geometrical nonlinearities. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods
in Geomechanics 25(13):1257-1284
CreweAJ,LingsML,TaylorCA,YeungAK,AndrighettoR(1995)Developmentofalargeflexible
shear stack for testing dry sand and simple direct foundations on a shaking table. In: Elnashai A
(ed) EuropeanSeismic Design Practice. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 163-168
Crewe AJ (1998) The characterisation and optimisation of earthquake shaking table performance.
PhDthesis, UniversityofBristol
DiPriscoC,NovaR,SibiliaA(2003)Shallowfootingundercyclicloading:experimentalbehaviour
and constitutive modelling. Chapter 4 in Maugeri M, Nova R (eds) Geotechnical analysis of
seismicvulnerability of monuments and historicalsites.P`atron Editore, Bologna, pp 99-121
Gajo A, Muir Wood D (1999a) A kinematic hardening constitutive model for sands: the multiax-
ial formulation. International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics
23(5):925-965
Gajo A, Muir Wood D (1999b) Severn-Trent sand: a kinematic hardening constitutive model for
sands:the
q
-
p
formulation. G
´
eotechnique 49(5):595-614
HatamiK,BathurstRJ(2001)Investigationofseismicresponseofreinforcedearthretainingwalls.
In: Prakash S (ed) Proc. 4th Int. Conf. on Recent advances in geotechnical earthquake engineer-
ing. Paper 7.18 University ofMissouri-Rolla
KalasinT(2004)Dynamicmacroelementmodelforgravityretainingwalls.PhDthesis,University
ofBristol
Lings ML, Greening PD (2001) A novel bender/extender element for soil testing. G´eotechnnique
51(8):713-717
Muir Wood D (2002) Some observations of volumetric instabilities in soils. International Journal
ofSolids and Structures 39(13-14):3429-3449
MuirWood D (2004) Geotechnical modelling. E & FN Spon (488pp)ISBN0-419-23730-5
Muir Wood D, Kalasin T (2004) Dynamic macroelement model for gravity retaining walls. In:
Pande GN, Pietruszczak S (eds) Numerical models in geomechanics NUMOG IX, Taylor &
Francis Group, London, pp 731-737
