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B
wall
macroelement
2h
foundation
macroelement
ground acceleration
Fig. 6.12. Gravityretaining wall: macroelements
0.1
0.05
F f / V max
0
−0.05
0.1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.8
0
−0.1
1
V / V max
M f / BV max
Fig. 6.13. Yieldsurface forfooting under combined vertical, horizontal and moment
load
this model within an elastic-plastic framework it is then necessary to make the usual
statements about the ingredients of the model: elastic response; yield surface bounding
elastically attainable states (Figure 6.13); plastic potential describing the mechanism of
plasticdeformation; and ahardening law.
For the interaction between the wall and the retained soil a rudimentary macroelement
model can be devised by assuming that the earth pressure coefficient at any height in the
soiliscontrolledbyanelastic-perfectlyplasticrelationship(solidlinesinFigure6.14)—
introducing a series of nonlinear independent Winkler springs. Analysing the different
possible regimes of response—depending on the direction of translation and rotation of
thewallandonwhethertheearthpressureatthetoporbottomofthewallhasreachedthe
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