Soil improvement and construction methods in peat - Geotechnics of Organic Soils and Peat - page 138

Figure 6.14 Schematic showing typical cross-section of embankment treatment with DSM ( after Raju
et al ., 2003).

and other additives, with the soil by the use of rotating mixing tools in order to form
columns of a hardening material as a result of pozzolanic reactions between the binder
and the soil grains. In Sweden and Finland, deep stabilization techniques are quite
popularly used for stabilization of soft soil (Åhnberg et al ., 1995b).
Based on design requirements, site conditions, soil and rock layers, restraints and
economics, the use of DMM is increasing. These methods have been suggested and
applied for soil and rock stabilizing; slope stability; liquefaction mitigation; vibration
reduction (along railways); road, railroad and bridge foundations and embankments;
construction of excavation support systems or protection of structure close to exca-
vation sites; solidification and stabilization of contaminated soils etc. (Kazemian and
Huat, 2009b).
The demand for improving and stabilizing land for different purposes is expected
to increase in the future and probably the best way to fulfil it is by using DMM. It is
strongly suggested that, where sufficient space is unavailable, sliding and overturning
stability be augmented using soil anchors. The main advantage of these methods is
the long-term increase in strength, especially for some of the binders used. Pozzolanic
reactions can continue for months or even years after mixing, resulting in an increase
in the strength of cement-stabilized clay with increasing curing time (Bergado, 1996;
Roslan and Shahidul, 2008).
According to most researchers, there are four basic jet grouting systems that are
widely used nowadays (Keller Holding, 2005):

I. Single phase (grout injection only).
II. Dual phase (grout + air injection).