Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
biome
ecosystem
community
population
organism
organ system
organ
cell
Figure 25.4 Holarchical organisation of biotic ecosystem components, from individual
cells to ecozones.
Early
successional
plants
Bare
unvegetated
surface
Late
successional
plants
Pioneer
plants
Climax
community
Bare
unvegetated
surface
Oak forest
climax
(hardwoods)
Grassland/
scrubland
Pine forest
(softwoods)
Grassland
Figure 25.5 Seral stages in the classical model of succession, leading from bare
ground to a mature 'climax' state which is considered to be in equilibrium.
 
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