Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
drastically and improves the flood safety to a socially acceptable norm. The
project is finished in 1985 (see Chapter 17).
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1955 Inclinometer.
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1957 Opening of the Velser Tunnel for traffic and trains. The project started in
1934, delayed during WWII and restarted in 1952. The open building pit
method was used (staffel-well dewatering).
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1957 Triaxial apparatus (UK), actively promoted by Bishop and Henkel.
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1957 De Josselin de Jong describes the double sliding mechanism.
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1959 Opening of the Van Brienenoord Bridge in Rotterdam. Span 1320 metre
and headroom of 24 metre. The southern abutment is founded on very soft soil.
It still creeps.
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1960 Tan Tjong Kie explains clay settlements is due to electrical charges on
broken edges of clay particles.
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1960 Rise of geotechnical consultant bureaus.
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1960 Verstraeten invents the Fundex pile and the Tubex pile.
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1961 Continuous soil sampler of Begemann.
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1961 Introduction of automatisation in the geotechnique by de Leeuw. Use was
made of TUDelft's computer, the Zebra, which worked with lamps and diodes
and relied on 8-locks telegraph tapes. One of the first calculation models was
for slope stability (the circle method of Bishop) and ground stress distribution
based on Boussinesq's solution, resulting in the Tables of de Leeuw.
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1962 Fugro is founded in Leidschendam. In 1970 it specialised in off-shore
geotechnics. At present, it is one of the largest consultant firms worldwide.
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1962 Flood calamity in Hamburg, 312 drowned, 120,000 in danger.
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1964 First application of grout anchors for a temporary sheet piling in Sas van
Gent.
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1965 Three-dimensional consolidation (Biot, de Josselin de Jong, Gibson,
Verruijt).
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1966 Opening of the Coen Tunnel.
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1966 Opening of the Schiphol Tunnel.
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1967 Opening of the Benelux Tunnel.
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1967 Electrical friction sleeve CPT of Fugro.
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1968 Opening of the IJ Tunnel.
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1968 Opening of the North-South Metroline, Rotterdam.
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1969 Opening of the Heinenoord Tunnel.
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1969 Use of standard computer models for geotechnical design.
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1969 Fugro develops with SHELL the Sea Cow, a CPT and boring machine for
open sea.
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1970 In Japan pile driving in large cities is forbidden because of damage and
annoyance, in favour of the newly developed screw piles.
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1972 20 ton ballast truck for field survey.
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1972 Fugro applies the Sea Calf for penetration tests at sea up to 180 metre
depth. Also wire-CPT with the Wison was a success.
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1973 Density meter (nuclear).
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1973 Opening pipe line tunnel, Holland's Deep.
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1973 Opening water transport tunnel, Amsterdam-Rijn Canal.
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1975 Introduction of computer terminals.
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