Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
are left to the National Annex. So, the outcome of applying EU7 may be different
in different countries. Properly applying EC7 and the National Annex needs some
guidance/experience.
TABLE 8.2 SUGGESTED PARTIAL FACTORS FOR GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING (EC7)
Unfavourable actions*
S
Materials**
M
Resistance
R
M
Permanent
G
Variable
Q
R
c
u
tan
, c
SLOPES AND EMBANKMENTS
DA1/1
1.35
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
DA1/2
1.00
1.30
1.25
1.40
1.00
DA2
1.35
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.10 - 1.40
STR: 1.35
GEO: 1.00
STR: 1.50
GEO: 1.30
DA3
1.25
1.40
1.00
SPREAD FOUNDATIONS
DA1/1
1.35
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
DA1/2
1.00
1.30
1.25
1.40
1.00
DA2
1.35
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.40
STR: 1.35
GEO: 1.00
STR: 1.50
GEO: 1.30
DA3
1.25
1.40
1.00
RETAINING WALLS
DA1/1
1.35
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.00
DA1/2
1.00
1.30
1.25
1.40
1.00
DA2
1.35
1.50
1.00
1.00
1.10 - 1.40
STR: 1.35
GEO: 1.00
STR: 1.50
GEO: 1.30
DA3
1.25
1.40
1.00
PILE FOUNDATIONS
DA1/1
1.35
1.50
1.00 - 1.25
DA1/2
1.00
1.30
1.30 - 1.60
DA2
1.35
1.50
1.10 - 1.15
STR: 1.35
GEO: 1.00
STR: 1.50
GEO: 1.30
DA3
1.25
1.40
1.00 - 1.10
* Favourable actions: if permanent 1.00, if variable 0.00
** Partial factor on soil density: 1.00 ; Partial factor on permanent water pressures: 1.00
Observational method (OM)
When realizing construction projects in or with ground, the Eurocode permits to
use the so-called observational method. The method is in accordance with the
precaution principle. The Eurocode states
37
- The complexity of interaction between the ground and the retaining structure
sometimes makes it difficult to design a retaining structure in detail before the
actual execution begins.
37
EC7, prEN 1997-1:2004(E), section 2.7 and 9.4
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