Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
tAble 2.1
Compilation of literature Measuring eC
a
with Geophysical techniques (eR or eMI)
Categorized According to the Soil-Related properties directly or Indirectly Measured by eC
a
Soil property
References
directly Measured Soil properties
Salinity (and nutrients, e.g., NO
3
-
)
Bennett and George (1995); Cameron et al. (1981); Cannon et al. (1994);
Corwin and Rhoades (1982, 1984, 1990); de Jong et al. (1979); Diaz and
Herrero (1992); Drommerhausen et al. (1995); Eigenberg and Nienaber (1998,
1999, 2001); Eigenberg et al. (1998, 2002); Greenhouse and Slaine (1983);
Halvorson and Rhoades (1976); Hanson and Kaita (1997); Hendrickx et al.
(1992); Herrero et al. (2003); Johnston et al. (1997); Kaffka et al. (2005);
Lesch et al. (1992, 1995a, 1995b,1998); Mankin and Karthikeyan (2002);
Mankin et al. (1997); Nettleton et al. (1994); Paine (2003); Ranjan et al.
(1995); Rhoades (1992, 1993); Rhoades and Corwin (1981, 1990); Rhoades
and Halvorson (1977); Rhoades et al. (1976, 1989, 1990, 1999a, 1999b);
Slavich and Petterson (1990); van der Lelij (1983); Williams and Baker (1982);
Williams and Hoey (1987); Wollenhaupt et al. (1986)
Water content
Brevik and Fenton (2002); Farahani et al. (2005); Fitterman and Stewart (1986);
Freeland et al. (2001); Hanson and Kaita (1997); Kachanoski et al. (1988,
1990); Kaffka et al. (2005); Kean et al. (1987); Khakural et al. (1998); Morgan
et al. (2000); Sheets and Hendrickx (1995); Vaughan et al. (1995); Wilson et al.
(2002)
Texture related (e.g., sand, clay, depth
to claypans or sand layers)
Anderson-Cook et al. (2002); Banton et al. (1997); Boettinger et al. (1997);
Brevik and Fenton (2002); Brus et al. (1992); Doolittle et al. (1994, 2002);
Inman et al. (2001); Jaynes et al. (1993); Kitchen et al. (1996); Rhoades et al.
(1999a); Scanlon et al. (1999); Stroh et al. (1993); Sudduth and Kitchen
(1993); Triantafilis et al. (2001); Williams and Hoey (1987)
Bulk density related (e.g., compaction)
Gorucu et al. (2001); Rhoades et al. (1999a)
Indirectly Measured Soil properties
Organic matter related (including soil,
organic carbon, and organic chemical
plumes)
Benson et al. (1997); Bowling et al. (1997); Brune and Doolittle (1990); Brune
et al. (1999); Farahani et al. (2005); Greenhouse and Slaine (1983, 1986);
Jaynes (1996); Nobes et al. (2000); Nyquist and Blair (1991)
Cation exchange capacity
Farahani et al. (2005); McBride et al. (1990); Triantafilis et al. (2002)
Leaching
Corwin et al. (1999); Rhoades et al. (1999a); Slavich and Yang (1990)
Groundwater recharge
Cook and Kilty (1992), Cook et al. (1992); Salama et al. (1994)
Herbicide partition coefficients
Jaynes et al. (1995a)
Soil map unit boundaries
Fenton and Lauterbach (1999); Stroh et al. (2001)
Corn rootworm distributions
Ellsbury et al. (1999)
Soil drainage classes
Kravchenko et al. (2002)
Source:
From Corwin, D.L., and Lesch, S.M.,
Comput. Electron. Agric.
, 46, 11-43, 2005a. With permission.
relies on disturbed soil samples rather than an in situ measurement or noninvasive surface measure-
ment like the other geophysical techniques. The remaining techniques for measuring θ (i.e., TDR,
GPR, AM, PM, EMI, NMR, and near seismic reflection) are geophysical adaptations to agriculture
that have principally developed since the 1980s and 1990s.
Unlike the electromagnetic approaches (e.g., CP, ER, TDR, and GPR), neutron thermalization
relies on a radioactive source of high-energy, epithermal neutrons that collide with H nuclei in soil
as a means of inferring volumetric water content. Because the H nucleus is similar in mass to a
neutron, H atoms will thermalize the neutrons upon collision. The thermalized neutrons returning
