Geoscience Reference
In-Depth Information
features such as buried artifacts (Conyers and Goodman, 1997), drains (Chow and Rees, 1989), irri-
gation pipes (Vellidis et al., 1990), utility cables (Annan et al., 1984; Morey, 1974), land mines, and
human remains. Highway officials also commonly use it to determine roadbed integrity. In addition,
GPR has been used to monitor wetting fronts through surface layers (Vellidis et al., 1990), detect
perched water tables (Collins and Doolittle, 1987), and chart subsurface soil horizons and layers
(Asmussen et al., 1986; Collins and Doolittle, 1987; Mokema et al., 1990; Raper et al., 1990). There
has been recent work performed on mapping the water content of soils (Huisman and Bouten, 2002;
van Overmeeren et al., 1997; Weiler et al., 1998). The use of Global Positioning System (GPS) and
GPR technology for three-dimensional mapping of soil is a recent innovation (Tischler et al., 2002).
GPR has been used to test and characterize agriculture contamination transport (Sénéchal, 2002).
Recently (Chong et al., 2000), GPR helped characterize the thickness of the sandy rooting mixture
in golf greens, locate the drainage pipes, detect areas of surface compaction, and identify areas of
concentrated subsurface wetness.
27.2
MAteRIAlS And MethodS
27.2.1 d
e s c R i P t i of n
o f
t h e
s
e l e c t e d
g
o l f
g
R e e n s
The GPR was used to locate drainage tile on two different greens. These two golf greens were
constructed by different styles. Figure 27.1 shows golf green No. 3, with an area of about 500 m
2
, at
the Stone Creek golf course (SCGC), Makanda, IL. This green was constructed following the U.S.
Golf Association (USGA) recommendations. The USGA green consisted of a 30 cm thick layer of
sand mix overlying a 10 cm layer of gravel. The drainage tile, surrounded with gravel, was installed
beneath the gravel layer. Figure 27.2 shows green No. 2, approximately 200 m
2
, at the Hickory Ridge
golf course (HRGC), Carbondale, IL. The green was constructed following the California-style rec-
ommendations. The California green is similar to the USGA green but without the 10 cm layer of
gravel. Even though the drainage tile was surrounded with gravel, the sand mix was placed immedi-
ately on top of the native soil. The drain tile often used in golf greens is a 10 cm diameter corrugated
plastic pipe. The layout of the drainage tile was often installed either with a herringbone or gridiron
fIGURe 27.1
Green No. 3 located at the Stone Creek golf course, Makanda, IL.
