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institutions for governing uses of the ecosystem concerned.
6
This approach
has been argued for on grounds that those with an attachment to, and
detailed knowledge of, particular ecosystems would be better placed to
manage the impacts of activities on them, and thereby to restore or
maintain their healthy functioning, than distant state authorities.
7
For
example, Karkkainen contends that regimes which have been established
for restoring damaged North American ecosystems (including the
Everglades, Chesapeake Bay and the Great Lakes) provide a template for
the governance of ecosystems and human uses of them.
8
A particular
attraction of this model is, in his view, that it would result in management
that is
(as opposed, say, to the remote setting of
national standards) because it is
'
ecologically sound
'
'
local and/or regional in character
'
and
.
9
Finally, arguments for extending the in
'
tailored to the ecosystem context
'
uence of local levels of gov-
ernment and, through them, of members of the public in environmental
decision-making enjoy widespread support amongst green political the-
orists.
10
This is seen as a development which, irrespective of how units of
governance are structured, may lead to outcomes that would be better
environmentally because they are
,
11
and that are more
'
context sensitive
'
6
B. C. Karkkainen,
'
'
In A. Fung and
E. O. Wright (eds) Deepening Democracy: Institutional Innovations in Empowered
Participatory Governance (London: Verso, 2003), pp. 219
Toward Ecologically Sustainable Democracy?
-
23;B.C.Karkkainen,
'
Collaborative Ecosystem Governance: Scale, Complexity, and Dynamism
'
(2002
-
3) 21
Virginia Environmental Law Journal,217
-
22. See also Lundqvist,
'
Ecological
Governance
9 on resource regimes and ecosystem management, the account
of the development of ecosystem regimes given in R. O. Brooks, R. Jones and
R. A. Virginia, Law and Ecology: The Rise of the Ecosystem Regime (Aldershot: Ashgate
Publishing, 2002), Chapter 8 and pp. 382
'
,pp.25
-
3, and the argument for existing arrangements
for environmental governance to be supplemented by commons-based regimes in
B. H. Weston and D. Bollier, Green Governance: Ecological Survival, Human Rights
and the Law of the Commons (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013).
-
7
Karkkainen,
'
Collaborative Ecosystem Governance
'
, 197
-
9; B. C. Karkkainen,
'
Information-
in G. de Búrca and J. Scott (eds) Law and
New Governance in the EU and the US (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006), p. 294.
8
Karkkainen,
forcing Regulation and Environmental Governance
'
'
Collaborative Ecosystem Governance
'
, 190, 194; Karkkainen,
'
Information-
forcing Regulation
5. See also the account of the Chesapeake Bay and Everglades
regimes given in Brooks, Jones and Virginia,
'
, pp. 294
-
'
Law and Ecology
'
, pp. 271
-
9.
9
Karkkainen,
'
Collaborative Ecosystem Governance
'
, 206.
10
Lundqvist,
'
Ecological Governance
'
, pp. 16
-
19; J. Barry, Rethinking Green Politics (London:
Sage Publications, 1999), pp. 104
-
7, Chapter 7; Smith,
'
Deliberative Democracy
'
,p.78.
11
Karkkainen,
'
Information-forcing Regulation
'
,p.293;N.Gunningham,
'
The New
Collaborative Environmental Governance: The Localization of Regulation
'
(2009) 36
Journal of Law and Society, 149.
