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Table 8.13
Range and median of detected PAHs in three urban soils (modified after Morillo
et al. 2008 )
Compound
Range (and median) (lg/kg, dry weight basis)
Glasgow
Ljubljana
Torino
Naphthalene
16.5-940 (68.1)
17.7-38.6 (28.8)
15.3-79.4 (30.0)
Acenaphthene
9.10-848 (25.0)
0.005-19.9 (9.07)
5.69-74.2 (8.82)
Fluorene
13.3-750 (38.1)
6.60-54.3 (10.9)
7.22-241 (11.7)
Phenanthrene
187-9,736 (1379)
21.9-2,776 (84.4)
22.7-2,670 (75.9)
Anthracene
28.6-1,352 (136)
6.02-30.5 (12.0)
5.10-370 (11.6)
Fluoranthene
141-7,249 (1125)
16.1-872 (101)
12.6-3,560 (47.9)
Pyrene
184-7,835 (1124)
15.4-248 (94.9)
9.62-3,460 (71.8)
Benzo[a]anthracene
109-3,928 (680)
11.5-158 (51.7)
8.23-2,040 (40.9)
Chrysene
154-5,002 (856)
12.8-209 (72.3)
8.70-2,430 (41.0)
Benzo[b]fluoranthene
92.1-2,984 (525)
5.21-203 (56.4)
4.68-2,020 (30.7)
Benzo[k]fluoranthene
63.0-1,400 (292)
12.7-90.8 (34.6)
10.4-1,240 (25.8)
Benzo[a]pyrene
132-3,627 (657)
18.4-186 (70.9)
14.1-3,170 (44.5)
Dibenzo[a, h]anthracene
16.7-399 (70.0)
6.23-25.4 (10.9)
5.09-153 (10.8)
Benzo[g, h, i]perylene
117-3,884 (544)
12.8-187 (36.8)
11.9-1,640 (52.8)
Indeno[1, 2, 3-c, d]pyrene
158-2,827 (424)
0.04-185 (66.2)
0.047-364 (63.3)
R15 PAHs
1,487-51,822 (8,337)
218-4,488 (791)
148-23,500 (704)
behavior. The urban soil studied displayed some enhanced adsorption as compared
to agricultural soils, probably due to the presence of anthropogenic materials.
Contamination of the soil-subsurface environment by PAHs is of major interest
due to their potential health hazards. The highest concentration of PAHs occurs in
urban areas near point sources and in soils with high OM. A survey of PAH
concentrations in European cities was performed by Morillo et al. ( 2008 ). Glasgow
(UK), Torino (Italy), and Lubljana (Slovenia) were selected for this study, and the
same methodology for soil sampling, extraction, and chemical analysis was
employed. Median PAH concentrations resulting from analysis of 20 samples in
each city are presented in Table 8.13 . Despite the wide range of values in PAH
concentrations, it is clear that in Glasgow urban soils, the contamination is about
10 times higher than in the other cities studied. The three predominant PAHs were
phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene, representing about 40 % of the total
compounds found in the urban soils. Based on these results, the authors consider
that PAH contamination of the urban soils is due to pyrogenic origin and is
affected by climatic conditions, natural OC of the soil, and proximity to the
contamination sources.
Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) are extremely toxic compounds including
congeners with chlorine substitutions in the 2-, 3-, 6-, and 7-positions. These
contaminants are found both in urban and rural environments. Krauss and Wilcke
( 2003 ) studied the fate of PCNs in soils, investigating their occurrence in urban
and rural environments. Their study comprised 49 topsoils from various locations
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