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they are currently endangered and probably most affected by climate change. Nature
conservation carries a high responsibility for this species (LWF,
2005
). Finally,
regarding snow-shoeing in the montane zone during springtime, normally at this
time of year the amount of snow is not sufficient to perform this activity in this
elevation zone. Conflicts are less probable.
For each conflict category and each single conflict situation individual measures
can be defined. Special attention is paid to suitable, practicable and target-oriented
actions. They must correspond with the individual conflict, its cause, location
and time. Particularly, modern visitor management measures like communication,
environmental education, setting of infrastructural equipment and stakeholder co-
operation are applied (see Fig.
20.2
): The presence of park rangers on site,
information signs at adequate locations and vegetation-clearings are useful measures
to guide recreationalists and concentrate the activities in ecologically less critical
areas. In ecologically critical areas and at ecologically critical times they should
lead to voluntary renouncement of the recreationalist. To support this stakeholder
co-operation is an important aspect. Suggestions to renouncement and behaviour
are more likely to be accepted in this way. This is shown, e.g., by the project “Ski-
Touring Nature-Compatible” of the German Alpine Association (Scheuermann,
1999
).
20.10 Outlook
Ecological impact is caused by the combination and the interaction of many different
factors. Today, recreation represents one of these factors. However, spatio-temporal
data that describe
recreation
and
nature
are a prerequisite to identify and charac-
terize ecological conflicts associated with recreation. For Berchtesgaden National
Park this study outlines an example for the integrated management of winter recre-
ation with focus on spatio-temporal interaction with the life-cycle of grouses. It
is only one of many conflicts existing between recreation and conservation. In
Berchtesgaden National Park impacts, caused by summer recreation, need man-
agement as well. This demands evolving guidelines to give managers a helping
hand on how to collect, store and process spatial, attribute and temporal data on
recreation. They will provide a basis to identify and describe ecological conflicts in
detail, and to further establish appropriate measures. The individual but integrated
handling of conflicts, keeping in mind spatio-temporal aspects of
recreation
and
nature
, plays an important part in the success and sustainability of nature conser-
vation management - not only in Berchtesgaden National Park but also in other
(mountain) protected areas.
References
Arnberger A (2007) Internationale Entwicklungen im Besuchermonitoring - Ein Überblick. In:
Biosphärenreservat Vessertal-Thüringer Wald, Verwaltung (ed) Besuchermonitoring und
ökonomische Effekte in Nationalen Naturlandschaften. pp 8-17
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